English اردو
Nikaat-e-SuKhaN #4:
Nikaat-e-SuKhan # 44.1 : Harf-e-awwal
is silsileh kee chauth`ee qist^ HaaZ^ir-e-Khidmat hai. pich`lee qist^oN meN shaa,iree kee bunyaadee baatoN par guftgoo huyee th`ee. us ke ba'd beHroN aur un ke ziHaafaat (modified forms) per kaafee tafSeel se beHc kee gayee th`e. ab yeh baat us manzil par aa gayee hai keh baGhair waZ^aaHatee micaaloN aur un par tafSeelee guftgoo ke mat^lab samjh`aanaa taqreeba naa-mumkin ho gaa. chunaan.ch zer-e-naz^ar qist^ (aur is ke ba'd aane waalee kayee aqsaat^) meN jo masaa,il pesh kiYe jaaYeN ge un ke baare meN chand umoor bayaan karnaa Z^arooree ma'loom hotaa hai.
(1) muKhtalif beHroN kee jo micaaleN ab pesh kee jaayeN gee un kaa naqshah yooN ho gaa:
(a) beHr kaa bayaan chooN.k pehle ho chukaa hai is liYe yahaaN Sirf us kee jaanib muKhtaSar ishaarah kiyaa jaaYe gaa. agar Z^arooree huwaa to us ke ziHaafaat banaane kaa t^areeqah aur un ziHaafaat kaa naam diyaa jaaYe gaa aur micaal ke t^aur par diYe sher meN un kee pehchaan bataayee jaaYe gee.
(b) micaal ke sher kee taqt^ee kee jaaYe gee aur us ke woh pehloo muKhtaSar t^aur par bataa diYe jaaYeN ge jo ba-yak-naz^ar z^aahir naheeN haiN.
(c) Sirf voh beHreN bayaan hoN gee jo ziyaadah musta'mil haiN. z^aahir hai keh har beHr kaa bayaan nah to mumkin hai aur nah hee Z^arooree. jin dostoN ko ziyaadah shauq hai woh is mauZ^oo' par kitaabeN dekh` sakte haiN.
(2) chooN.k yeh silsilah bohat tavajjuh aur meHnat chaahtaa hai, yeh chand qist^eN lambaayee ke liHaaz^ se Zaraa muKhtaSar hoN gee taa.k aap it^meenaan se paRh aur samajh` sakeN. ek saath` bohat see micaaloN se uljh`an aur taraddud baRh`ne kaa imkaan hai.
(3) meree naacheez raaYe meN aap aage kee beHc se ziyaadah faa,idah uTh`aa sakte haiN agar har beHr par ruk kar us kee taqt^ee' kaa gehraa tajziyah kareN aur yeh dekh`eN keh kis t^araH miSre ke tukRoN kee lambaayee aur adaa,igee kaa taal-mel arkaan ke saath` kiyaa gayaa hai. agar aap miSra aur us kee taqt^ee' baland aawaaz se ruk ruk kar adaa kareN to shaayad is saare amal (process) ko samajh`ne meN aasaanee ho gee.
(4) rubaa,iyaat kee beHreN alag haiN aur un kaa bayaan aur tafSeel ba'd meN logoN kee dilchaspee dekh` kar dee jaa saktee hai.
(5) yeh yaad rakh`iye keh shaa,iree aur taqt^ee' ek fan (art) hai 'science' yaa riyaaZ^ee kaa mas,alah naheeN hai! liHaaz^ah is meN kaheeN kaheeN chand uSooloN ke teHt kuch` aazaadee bartee jaa saktee hai. yaa yooN keh leejiYe keh 'exactitude and precision' kee har jagah talaash karnaa be-sood ho gaa aur aap ke lut^f, maze aur ta'leem meN rukaavaT daal saktaa hai.
reh gaYe woh uSool jo is fan meN mustacniyaat (exceptions) ko qaabil-e-qubool banaate haiN to voh hamesha se barte jaa rahe haiN. asaatiZah ne SadiyoN isee aNdaaz se kaam kiyaa hai. is liYe ab hamaaraa in par e'tiraaZ^ karnaa bekaar hai. behtar hai keh in ko qubool kar ke ham ilm HaaSil kareN. yeh dekh`aa gayaa hai keh jin logoN ne in uSooloN ko toRaa hai voh apnee shaa,iree kee lat^aafat aur Husn meN se bohat kuch` kh`o baiTh`e haiN. kam az kam meraa yehee Khayaal hai. aap ko apnee raaYe kaa mukammal iKhtiyaar hai!
(6) yeh saaree beHc aur KhaaS t^aur se beHr aur un ke ziHaafaat ziyaadah Saaf t^aur se us vaqt samajh` aa sakte haiN jab in ko Urdu meN likh` liyaa jaaYe aur ph`ir in par Ghaur kiyaa jaaYe. yeh is liYe Z^arooree hai keh Roman Urdu meN kitaabat (transliterate) karte huwe woh kuch`
istamaal karnaa hotaa hai jo Urdu meN maujood naheeN hai. ph`r Urdu ke zer, zabar aur pesh likh`e to naheeN jaate haiN lekin paRh`e to Z^aroor hee jaate haiN aur in kee aawaazoN ko Roman meN likh`naa Z^arooree hai. is se mushkil paidaa hotee hai. aap kee sahoolat ke liYe isee liYe is se qabl tamaam arkaan ke Huroof-e-tahajjee likh` diYe gaYe th`e. un ko dekh` leejiYe.
4.2 : beHr-e-rajaz
is beHr ke afaa,eel (arkaan) yooN haiN:
mus-taf-i-lun; mus-taf-i-lun; mus-taf-i-lun; mus-taf-i-lun
Urdu shaa,iree meN is kee saalim aur muzaaHif donoN
shakleN istamaal hotee haiN. donoN SooratoN kee ek ek micaal neeche dee jaa rahee hai.
4.2.1 : beHr-e-rajaz, mucamman, saalim : ya'nee beHr-e-rajaz kee voh shakl jis meN saalim arkaan apnee mucamman (aaTH-ruknee) Soorat meN istamaal kiYe gaYe haiN, goyaa har miSre meN to chaar hee arkaan haiN lekin sher ke donoN miSroN ko milaa kar kul aaTh arkaan gine jaa sakte haiN. Mir Taqi Mir kaa sher aur us kee taqt^ee' dekh`iye:
ai mujh` se tujh` ko sau mile, tujh` saa nah paayaa ek maiN
sau sau kaheeN too ne magar muNh par nah laayaa ek maiN
mus-taf-i-lun; mus-taf-i-lun; mus-taf-i-lun; mus-taf-i-lun
ai mujh` se tujh`; ko sau mile; tujh` saa nah paa; yaa ek maiN
sau sau kaheeN; too ne magar; muNh par nah laa; yaa ek maiN
4.2.2 : beHr-e-rajaz, mucamman, mut^awee, maKhboon : ya'nee beHr-e-rajaz kee voh mucamman shakl jis meN do (2) t^araH ke ziHaafaat istamaal kiYe gaYe haiN. yeh ziHaaf un t^areeqoN (processes) se HaaSil kiYe gaYe haiN jin ko bil-tarteeb :t^ai: aur :Khaban: kehte haiN. in kaa muKhtaSar bayaan neeche diyaa jaa rahaa hai.
t^ai (t^oe, baRee ye): mus-taf-i-lun meN se Harf :fe: nikaal deN to :mus-ta-i-lun: bach jaataa hai jis ko :muf-ta-i-lun: se badal dete haiN. goyaa :muf-ta-i-lun: mutawee (amal-e-t^ai se banaayaa gayaa) ziHaaf hai :mus-taf-i-lun: kaa.
Khaban: mus-taf-i-lun meN se Harf :seen: nikaal deejiYe to :mu-taf-i-lun: reh jaataa hai. is ko :mu-faa-i-lun: banaa dete haiN. goyaa yeh :mus-taf-i-lun: kaa :maKhbooN: ziHaaf hai.
ab dekh`iYe keh yeh donoN ziHaafaatt neeche taqt^ee' meN isee tarteeb se kaise aa'te haiN:
Ghunchah-e-naa-shiguftah ko door se mat dikh`aa keh yooN
bose ko pooch`taa hooN main, muNh se mujh`e bataa keh yooN (Ghalib)
muf-ta-i-lun; mu-faa-i-lun; muf-ta-i-lun; mu-faa-i-lun
Ghunchah-enaa; shiguftah ko; door se mat; dikh`aa keh yooN
bose ko poo; ch`taa hooN main; muNh se mujh`e; bataa keh yooN
Note: yeh beHr shakastah hai kyoN.k is meN pehle do (2) arkaan kee takraar hai. yeh pehle Zikr ho chukaa hai.
4.3 : beHr-e-ramal : is beHr kee donoN shakleN (musaddas aur mucamman) Urdu meN istamaal hotee haiN. is ke arkaan yooN haiN:
faa-i-laa-tun; faa-i-laa-tun; faa-i-laa-tun; faa-i-laa-tun
is beHr ke ziHaafaat banaane kee SoorateN darj-e-zel haiN:
(a) Hazaf : faa-i-laa-tun ka :tun: nikaal deejiYe to :faa-i-laa: bachtaa hai jis ko :faa-i-lun: se badal dete haiN aur is ko :meHzoof: kehte haiN.
(b) shakl : faa-i-laa-tun kaa pehlaa :alif: aur :noon: nikaal deN to :fa-i-laat: bach rehtaa hai. is ziHaaf ko :faa-i-laa-tun: kee :mashkool: shakl kehte haiN.
(c) Khaban : faa-i-laa-tun kaa pehlaa :alif: nikaal deN to :fa-i-laa-tun: reh jaataa hai jo :faa-i-laa-tun: kaa maKhbooN ziHaaf kehlaataa hai.
(d) qat^a' : oopar (a) meN faa-i-lun ek meHzoof shakl hai. is meN se Harf :noon: nikaal deejiYe aur aaKhiree Harf :laam: ko saakin (stationary i.e. without zer, zabar or pesh) kar deejiYe to yeh amal :qat^a': (qaaf, toe, ain) kehlaataa hai. rukn :faa-i-l: ko :fa'-lun: se badal dete haiN aur us ko :maqt^oo': (meem, qaaf, t^oe, vav, ain) kehte haiN. ab in shakloN kee micaaleN aur taqt^e' dekh`iYe. yeh yaad rakh`iye keh (d) dar-aSl (c) ke andar shaamil hai!
4-3-1 : beHr-e-ramal, mucamman, meHzoof : ya'nee beHr.e.ramal kee woh shakl jis meN aaTh` arkaan haiN aur jis meN meHzoof ziHaaf (faa-i-lun) istamaal kiyaa gayaa hai:
naqsh faryaadee hai kis kee shoKhee-e-teHreer kaa
kaaGhazee hai pairhan har paikar-e-taSveer kaa (Ghalib)
faa-i-laa-tun; faa-i-laa-tun; faa-i-laa-tun; faa-i-lun
naqsh faryaa; dee hai kis kee; shoKhee-e-the; reer kaa
kaaGhazee hai; pairhan har; paikar-e-taS; veer kaa
4.3.2 : beHr-e-ramal, mucamman, mashkool : ya'nee beHr-e-ramal kee voh aaTh-ruknee shakl jis meN mashkool ziHaaf (fa-i-laat) istamaal kiyaa gayaa hai:
yeh nah th`ee hamaaree qismat keh wiSaal-e-yaar hotaa (Ghalib)
agar aur jeete rehte yehee intiz^aar hotaa
fa-i-laat; faa-i-laa-tun; fa-i-laat; faa-i-laa-tun
yeh na th`ee ha; maaree qismat; keh wiSaal-e; yaar hotaa
agar aur; jeete rehte; yehee inti; z^aar hotaa
Note: yeh beHr bh`ee shakastah hai.
4.3.3 : beHr-e-ramal, mucamman, maKhboon, meHzoof, maqt^oo' : ya'nee beHr-e-ramal kee voh aaTh-ruknee shakl jis meN, bil-tarteeb, :faa-i-laa-tun: ke maKhboon, meHzoof-maqt^oo' ziHaafaat istamaal kiYe gaYe haiN. micaal dekh`iYe:
nafas-e-Qais keh hai chashm-o-chiraaGh-e-SeHraa
nah sahee shama-e-siyah-Khaanah-e-Lailaa nah sahee (Ghalib)
fa-i-laa-tun; fa'-laa-tun; fa'-laa-tun; fa'-lun
nafas-e-Qai; s keh hai chash; m-o-chiraaGha-e; SeHraa
nah sahee shama; e-siyah-Khaa; nah-e-Lailaa; nah sahee
dekh`iye keh donoN miSroN kaa pehlaa rukn :fa-i-laa-tun: hai, :faa-i-laa-tun: naheeN hai. is beHr meN aisaa karne kee ijaazat hai. doosraa aur teesraa rukn :fa'-laa-tun: hai aur aaKhiree meHzoof-maqtoo' ya'nee :fa'-lun:
4.3.4 : beHr-e-ramal, musaddas, meHzoof : ya'nee beHr-e-ramal kee voh ch`e-ruknee shakl jis meN us kaa meHzoof ziHaaf (faa-i-lun) istamaal huwaa hai. dekh`iye keh har miSre` meN teen arkaan haiN lekin donoN miSroN ko milaa kar ch`e (6) arkaan ho jaate haiN aur isee liye is ko :musaddas: (ch`e-ruknee) kahaa jaataa hai:
haiN kavaakib kuch` naz^ar aate haiN kuch`
dete haiN dh`okaa yeh baazee-gar kh`ulaa (Ghalib)
faa-i-laa-tun; faa-i-laa-tun; faa-i-lun
haiN kavaakib; kuch` naz^ar aa; te haiN kuch`
dete haiN dh`o; kaa yeh baazee; gar kh`ulaa
4.3.5 : beHr-e-ramal, musaddas, maKhboon, meHzoof : ya'nee beHr-e-ramal ke voh ch`e-ruknee shakl jis meN maKhboon (faa-i-laa-tun kee maKhboon shakl fa-i-laa-tun) aur meHzoof (faa-i-laa-tun kee meHzoof shakl fa-i-lun) ziHaafaat istamaal kiYe gaYe haiN:
ishq mujh` ko naheeN vwHshat hee sahee
meree weHshat tiree shohrat hee sahee (Ghalib)
faa-i-laa-tun; fa-i-laa-tun; fa-i-lun
ishq mujh` ko; naheeN weHshat hee sahee
meree weHshat tiree shohrat hee sahee
5.0 beHr-e-Khafeef : Urdu meN yeh beHr Sirf musaddas shakl meN hee istamaal hotee hai. yeh apnee mucamman shakl meN kabhee istamaal naheeN hotee hai aur nah hee saalim aatee hai, ya'nee is kee Sirf muzaaHif shakleN hee musta'mil haiN. is beHr ke saalim arkaan yooN haiN:
faa-i-laa-tun; mus-taf-i-lun; faa-i-laa-tun
apnee muzaaHif shakloN meN is kaa pehlaa rukn fa-i-laa-tun aur aaKhiree rukn fa-i-lun ho saktaa hai. aap ko yaad ho gaa (aur agar yaad naheeN hai to pich`le SafHaat dekh` leejiYe!) keh :mus-taf-i-lun: kee maKhboon shakl :fa-i-laa-tun: hai aur :fa'-i-un: usee kee maqt^oo' shakl hai. is beHr kee do muzaaHif shakleN neeche dee jaa rahee haiN:
5.1.1 : is micaal meN pehle miSre meN :fa-i-l-aa-tun: aur doosre miSre meN :faa-i-laa-tun: istamaal huwe haiN. is kee vajh miSroN meN :dil: aur :aaKhir: ke talaffuz kaa farq hai:
dil-e-naadaaN tujh`e huwaa kyaa hai
aaKhir is dard kee davaa kyaa hai (Ghalib)
fa-i-laa-tun; mu-faa-i-lun; fa-i-lun
dil-e-naadaaN tujh`e huwaa; kyaa hai
faa-i-laa-tun; mu-faa-i-lun; fa-i-lun
aaKhir is dar; d kee davaa; kyaa hai
5.1.2 : doosree micaal meN ek miSre kaa aaKhiree rukn :fa'-lun: hai aur doosre kaa :fa-i-lun: hai:
kyaa voh Namrood kee Khudaayee th`ee
baNdagee meN miraa bh`alaa nah huwaa (Ghalib)
faa-i-laa-tun; mu-faa-i-lun; fa'-lun
kyaa voh Namroo; d kee Khudaa; yee th`ee
faa-i-laa-tun; mu-faa-i-lun fa-i-lun
baNdagee meN; miraa bh`alaa; nah huwaa
yaar zindah, SuHbat baaqee!
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