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Nikaat-e-SuKhan #7:
Nikaat-e-SuKhan # 7: qaafiya-paimaa huwaa hai kaarvaan-e-shaa,iree!

7.1: ibtidaa,iyah

is maZ^moon meN :qaafiyeh: par muKhtaSar guftgoo kee jaaYe gee. fann-e-shaa,iiree bh`ee doosre tamaam funoon kee t^araH nihaayat pecheedah hai. us ke uSool aur juzwiaat par asaatiZah ne meHnat aur lagan se ilm ke daryaa bahaaYe haiN, qavaaneen waZ^a' kiYe haiN, ma'yaar qaa,em kiYe haiN, nustacniyaat (exceptions) bayaan kiYe haiN, aur Urdu shaa,iree ko Arabee aur Farsee sarchasgmoN se sairaab kiyaa hai. muKhtaSar yooN samajh`iye keh fann-e-shaa,iree kaa koyee pehloo bh`ee tishnah-e-waZ^aaHat naheeN ch`oRaa gayaa hai.

yooN to kehne ko :qaafiyah: bohat ma'moolee see cheez naz^ar aataa hai aur us kee bunyaadee Soorat, Z6aroorat, ta'reef, tarkeeb neez manz^oomaat meN us ke istamaal se ham sab hee waaqif haiN. lekin agar gehraayee meN jaa kar :Ilm-e-qaafiyah: ke mZ^zmiraat aur tafSeelaat kaa mut^aali,ah keejiYe to naYe naYe inkishaafaat aur rumooz saamne aate haiN. qavaaneen kee baareekiyaaN akcar ham ko Hairat meN Daal detee haiN aur, chaahe ham un tafSeelaat aur pecheedagiyoN se muttafiq nah hoN, asaatiZa ke ilm-o-faZ^l, fikr-o-Khayaal aur zauq-o-deeda-rezee kaa ba-har Haal qaa,il honaa hee paRtaa hai.

is muKhtaSar maZ^moon meN aise wasee'-o-baseet^ mauZ^oo' par mukammal beHc naheeN ho saktee hai, aur hamaare meHdood maqaaSid ke liYe yeh beHc Z^arooree bh`ee naheeN hai. yahaaN is ilm ke Sirf mubaadiyaat kaa Zikr ho gaa. ummeed hai keh qaari,een is maZ^moon meN apnee dilchaspee kaa waafir saamaan paayeN ge aur kyaa ajab hai keh yeh un ke
ilm meN besh-qeemat iZ^aafeh kaa sabab bh`ee ban jaaYe!

7.2: qaafiyah kyaa hai?

jaisaa keh sab hee jaante haiN :qaafiyah: voh lafz hai jo miSre ke aaKhir meN :radeef: se qabl aataa hai. Ghazal ke mat^le' ke donoN miSroN meN qaafiyah aataa hai aur deegar sab ash,aar ke doosre miSre meN is ke ham-aavaaz (rhyming) alfaaz^ radeef ke pehle istamaal hote haiN. goyaa Ghazal ke mat^e' ke donoN miSroN meN qaafiyeh kaa honaa Z^arooree hai jab.k deegar ash,aar ke Sirf doosre miSroN meN hee qaafiyeh kee paabandee laaz^imee hai.

ek Ghazal meN istamaal hone waale tamaam qavaafee (waaHid: qaafiyah) aapas meN Sautee (ya'nee aawaaz kee) mushaabihat to rakh`te hee haiN lekin ma'navee t^aur se (ya'nee apne ma'nee ke liHaaz^ se) ek doosre se mukHtalif hote haiN.
aisee Ghazal jis meN radeef kaa iltizaam kiyaa gayaa ho :muraddaf: Ghazal kehlaatee hai. voh Ghazal jis meN radeef nah istamaal kee gayee ho aur Sirf qavaafee hee istamaal huwe hoN :Ghair-muraddaf: kahee jaatee hai.

muraddaf Ghazal

nuktah-cheeN hai, Gham-e-dil us ko sunaaYe nah bane
kyaa bane baat jahaaN baat banaaye nah bane
maiN bulaataa to hooN us ko magar ai jazbah-e-dil!
us peh ban jaaYe kuch` aisee keh bin aaYe nah bane
Ishq par zor naheeN hai yeh voh aatish Ghalib
keh lagaaYe nah lage aur bujh`aaYe nah bane (Ghalib)

is Ghazal kee radeef :nah bane: hai aur :sunaaYe, banaaYe, aaYe, bujh`aaYe: waGhairah qavaafee haiN. radeef aur qaafiyeh ke ishtiraak se Ghazal kee shanaaKht kaa jo naqshah bantaa hai us ko :zameen: kehte haiN. macala is Ghazal kee zameen :sunaaYe nah bane, banaaYe nah bane: hai.

Ghair muraddaf Ghazal

Allah! Allah! ishq kee ra'naa,iyaaN
Husn Khud lene lagaa aNgRaa,iyaaN
dil kee choTeN ubh`ree aatee haiN tamaam
ishq kee chalne lageeN purvaa,iyaaN
yaad hai ab tak Jigar aaGhaaz-e-ishq
shab hamah shab voh Khayaal-aaraa,iyaaN (Jigar Muradabadi)

is Ghazal meiN radeef naheeN hai aur :ra'naa,iyaaN, aNgRaa,iyaaN, purvaa,iyaaN: vaGhairah qavaafee haiN.

7.3: kyaa Ghazal meN qaafiyah Z^arooree hai?

yahaaN yeh savaal uThaayaa jaa saktaa hai keh :kyaa manz^oomaat meN qaafiyah honaa Z^arooree hai aur kyaa us ke baGhair shaa,iree naheeN ho saktee hai?:

yeh to z^aahir hai keh qaafiyeh kaa iltizaam un manz^oomaat meN hameshah kiyaa jaataa hai jo :paaband: kehlaatee haiN. :aazaad shaa,iree: kee muKhtalif shakloN meN aaj kal jo likh`aa jaa rahaa hai us meN beHr, vazn aur qaafiyeh kaa iltizaam Z^arooree naheeN samjh`aa jaataa hai

agar.ch kaheeN kaheeN sho,a'raa apnee taKhleeqaat kaa zer-o-bam aur aahaNg behtar banaane kee Khaat^ir un meN qaafiyeh kaa istamaal kar lete haiN.

:aazaad shaa,iree: meN voh sab aSnaaf-e-suKhan shaamil haiN jo :aazaad nazm, kaalee nazm, nacree nazm, Ghazal-e-mu,a'rraa: vaGhairah ke naamoN se likh`ee jaa rahee haiN. Jaapaanee haikoo kee taqleed meN Urdu meN bh`ee :haiku: likh`e jaa rahe haiN. albattah jahaaN Japaanee haiku kee bunat meN yeh laazimee hai keh pehle aur teesre miSroN meN paaNch

(5) aur doosre miSre meiN saat (7) Harakaat yaa saalime (syllables) hoN, Urdu haiku-navees is silsileh meN kaafee aazaadee se kaam le rahe haiN aur 5-7-5 kaa yeh uSool hameshah naheeN bartaa jaataa hai. is t^araH Urdu meN ab tak haiku kaa koyee Hatamee paimaanah yaa naqshah muta,aiyyun naheeN ho sakaa hai. in tamaam aSnaaf-e-suKhan kee micaaleN darj-e-zel haiN:

7.3.1: paaband naz^m

saare jahaaN se achh`aa HindostaaN hamaaraa
ham bulbuleN haiN us kee yeh gulsitaaN hamaaraa
parbat voh sab se ooNchaa, hamsaayah aasmaaN kaa
voh santaree hamaaraa, voh paasbaaN hamaaraa
godee meN kh`eltee haiN us kee hazaaroN nadiyaaN
gulshan hai jis ke dam se rashk-e-jinaaN hamaaraa
Iqbal! koyee meHram apnaa naheeN jahaaN meN
ma'loom kyaa kisee ko dard-e-nihaaN hamaaraa (Iqbal)

7.3.2: aazaad naz^m

baazee badne se pehle
us ne ek qasam kh`aayee th`ee
maiN ne us kaa maan rakh`aa
so har baazee meN voh jeetaa
lekin us ko patah naheeN th`aa
ham donoN meN jeetaa kaun! (Nayyar Jahan)

7.3.3: kaalee naz^m

kitnee baar huwaa hai pehle
ab bh`ee hotaa hai
aag meN jal kar mar jaanaa
veHshat kaa ik nayaa tareeqah
ek anokh`aa kartab hai
dekh`ne vaale saare veHshee Khush hote haiN
nannhe nannhe bachchoN ke naazuk naazuk dil
Khauf se gh`abraa kar ro paRte haiN
yeh manz^ar dekh` ke t^aa,ir uR jaate haiN
Sirf aag bujh`aane vaale afsar
Khaamoshee se chup chup kh`aRe huwe haiN
TV par jalte logoN kee tasveereN
ek nayaa darpan ban kar
aaNkh`oN meN aaNsoo ban kar jh`ilmil kartee haiN
meree kitnee Khwaahish hai
maiN bh`ee ik shab apnee saaree kitaaboN meN
jaltaa- Khaak meN raakh` to mil jaatee
shaayad yeh meree Khwaahish pooree hogee! (Baqar Mehdi)

7.3.4: nacree naz^m

agar kuch` marmareeN lamHe
tumhaare haath` aa jaaYeN
to chupke se
hath`elee par aNdh`eree shab kee
mehNdee chaaNdnee kee tum sajaa denaa
keh is be-mehr haNgaamoN kee dunyaa meN
azal se
an-ginat SadiyoN kee boseedah hath`eliyoN par
koyee jugnoo naheeN chamkaa
koyee taara naheeN damkaa
hameshah yaad rakh`naa
sail-e-tez-o-tuNd ke dh`aare meN
akcar
kaaGhazee kashtee bh`ee daryaa paar kartee hai
tumheN kuch` kar dikh`aanaa hai (Shaheen Badr)

7.3.5: Ghazal-e-mu,arrah

yeh Sinf-e-suKhan Haal hee meN vujood meN aayee hai aur abh`ee ziyaada aam naheeN huyee hai. is kee zaahiree shakl to rivaayatee Ghazal kee t^araH kee hee hotee hai lekin is meN radeef-o-qaafiyeh kee paabandee naheeN kee jaatee hai. pooree :Ghazal: ke sab ash,aar ek hee beHr meN hote haiN lekin har miSre kee :zameen: alag hotee hai. chooN.k is kee micaaleN risaaloN meN bohat kam muhai,yyaa haiN, maiN ne apnee kayee GazaloN ke muntaKhib miSroN se ek :Ghazal-e-mu,a'rrah: mushakkal kee hai! mulaaHiz^ah farmaa,iYe:
roz jeete haiN, roz marte haiN

dil ne Sadme uThaaYe haiN kyaa kyaa!
dil hai rokeN kahaaN talak is ko
yaad aanaa th`aa, aa gayaa koyee!
Ishq kee manzileN haiN aur ham haiN
aur kuch` soojh`taa naheeN ham ko (Sarwar A. Raz :Sarwar:)

7.3.6: haiku

jaisa keh oopar arZ^ kiyaa gayaa th`aa, yeh Sinf hamaare yahaaN Jaapaanee shaa,iree kee raah se aayee hai. darj-e-zel micaal meN Japaanee haiku kee 5-7-5 saalimoN (syllables) kee paabandee kee gayee hai, lekin aam t^aur se Urdu meN is naqsheh kee paabandee naheeN kee jaa rahee hai:

aate jaate din
jab se naz^reN ph`eree haiN
SeHraa haiN tujh` bin (Muhsin Bhopali)

7.3.7: culaacee

is mauZ^oo' kee takmeel ke liYe Z^arooree hai keh us nayee Sinf-e-suKhan kaa Zikr bh`ee kiyaa jaaYe jo :rubaa,ee: kee t^rz par :culaacee: (ya'nee :teen miSroN waalee:) ke naam se likh`ee jaa rahee hai. culaacee ke teenoN miSre ham-beHr hote haiN. neez pehle aur teesre miSroN kaa ham-qaafiyah honaa bh`ee Z^arooree hai, magar doosraa miSra qaafiyeh kaa paaband naheeN hotaa hai. micaal HaaZ^ir hai:

yeh ek path`ar jo raaste meN paRaa huwaa hai
ise muHabbat taraash le to yehee Sanam hai
ise aqeedat saNwaar de to yehee Khudaa hai (Himayat Ali Shair)

7.4: qaafiyeh ke ajzaa aur us ke istamaal kee sharaa,et

7.4.1: qaafiyeh ke ajzaa

har fan kee t^araH sha,iree meN bh`ee us ke ajzaa aur baareekiyoN par baRee mufaSSil, pecheedah aur aalimaanah beHc kee gayee hai. Sirf qaafiyeh ko hee leejiYe. dekh`ne meN yeh ek ma'moolee saa lafz^ hai jis kee ahmiyyat Saaf naz^ar aatee hai. is par kyaa lambee chauRee beHc ho saktee hai? lekin agar Ilm-e-qaafiyah kee gehraa,iyoN meN utar kar Zaraa dekh`eN to ajeeb-o-Ghareeb inkishaafaat hote haiN. in meN se kayee yaqeena :baal kee kh`aal nikaalne: ke miSdaaq haiN lekin :fuZ^ool: to yaqeena naheeN kahe jaa sakte haiN kyoN.k Ilm kee raah meN ek koshish :Ghair Z^arooree: to ho saktee hai magar :fuZ^ool: naheeN ho saktee hai!

is Ilm se kam-az-kam ham ko apne buzurgoN kee meHnat, muHabbat aur lagan kaa th`oRaa bohat andaazah to ho hee jaataa hai aur is justujoo meN shaa,iree ke naye zaawiYe aur pehloo bh`ee hamaare saamne aate haiN. yahaaN ilm-e-qaafiyeh par tafSeelee beHc kaa nah mauqa'h hai aur nah hee Z^aroorat. Chunaan.ch Sirf do ek baateN likh`ee jaatee haiN. jo log aur paRh`naa chaaheN voh kitaaboN se rujoo' kar sakte haiN.

har qaafiyeh kee buniyaad ek Harf yaa Harakat (zer, zabar, pesh vaGhaira) par hotee hai. aise Harf ko :rawee: kehte haiN. macala agar :kam, sitam, ham: qavaafee baaNdh`e jaayeN to Harf :meem: ravee kehlaaYe gaa. ravee kee kayee qismeN haiN aur un Huroof ke bh`ee kayee naam aur tafSeelaat haiN jo ravee se pehle yaa ba'd meN aate haiN aur qaafiyeh kee tashkeel meN muaa,vin hote haiN. yahaaN ek aadh` baat az-raah-e-takmeel-e-bayaaN darj kee jaatee hai.

ziyaadah tafSeel kee Z^aroorat meHsoos naheeN hotee hai:
taasees: us :alif: ko kehte haiN jis ke aur ravee ke darmiyaan koyee mutaHarrik Harf maujood ho. macala :kaamil, shaamil: qavaafee kaa ravee :meem: hai aur in alfaaz^ ke :alif: aur :laam: ke darmiyaan :meem: hai jis par zer kee Harakat hai. chunaan.ch aise alif ko :taasees: kaheN ge.

daKheel: oopar kee micaal meN shaamil aur kaamil meN jo mutaHarrik :meem: hai us ko daKheel kehte haiN.
isee t^araH ke aur alfaaz^, Huroof aur un kee tafSeeloN kaa Zikr ab Khatm kiyaa jaataa hai.

7.4.2: qaafiyeh kee sharaa,et^ aur tafSeelaat

qaafiyeh ke qiyaam kee chand sharaa,et^ haiN, ya'nee jo alfaaz^ kisee Ghazal yaa naz^m meN ba-t^aur-e-qavaafee istamaal hoN ge, voh chand shart^oN ke paaband Z^aroor hoN ge. In sharaa,et^ meN istisnaayee (exceptional) SoorateN bh`ee haiN aur kayee sharaa,et^ aisee haiN jin kee paabandee saKhtee se naheeN kee jaatee hai. yahaaN Sirf sharaa,et^ bayaan kee jaayeN gee lekin un ke achh`e hone yaa nah hone par koyee beHc naheeN ho gee.

qaafiyeh ke qiyaam kee sharaa,et^ darj-e-Zel haiN. Zelee surKhee :tafSeel: ke teHt Z^arooree vazaaHateN bh`ee de dee gayee haiN:

(1) do ham-qaafiyah alfaaz^ meN kam az kam ek Harf kaa mushtarik honaa Z^arooree hai. macala :kam, sitam, ham: meN :meem: mushtarik hai. is mushtarik Harf kaa in alfaaz^ kaa aaKhiree Harf honaa bh`ee Z^arooree hai. yeh shart^ bh`ee :kam, sitam, ham: meN :meem: pooree kartaa hai.
is mushtarik Harf se pehle jo Harakat (zer, zabar, pesh, sukoon vaGhaira) istamaal ho voh bh`ee mushtarik honee Z^arooree hai. macala: oopar kee micaal (kam, sitam, ham) meN Harf :meem: se qabl ke Harf par jo Harakat (zabar) hai (kam ke :kaaf par, sitam ke :te: par, ham kee :hey: par) voh bh`ee mushtarik hai. lihaaz^ah yeh alfaaz^ ham-qaafiyah kehlaaYeN.ge aur is Soorat meN yaqeena baaNdh`e jaa sakte haiN.

bar-Khilaaf is ke lafz :jurm: yaa :aalim: maZkoora alfaaz^ ke ham-qaafiyah naheeN ho sakte haiN kyoN.k har.chand keh Harf :meem: in sab alfaaz^ meN mushtarik hai aur aaKhiree Harf bh`ee hai lekin :jurm: meN :re: saakin hai aur :aalim: meN :laam: par zer hai.

tafSeel: is beHs kaa ek dilchasp pehloo yeh hai keh agar Harf-e-ravee se pehle aane vaale Harf par do muKhtalif alfaaz^ meN Harakat ho to aisee Harkaat bh`ee muKhtalif ho saktee haiN aur baa-vujood is iKhtilaaf ke voh alfaaz^ qaafiyah ho sakte haiN! macala :kam, sitam, ham: aur :tum: meN Sirf :meem: mushtarik hai magar :tum: kee :meem: par pesh hai (doosre alfaaz^ meN is jagah zabar hai) ph`ir bhee :kam, sitam, ham: kaa qaafiyah :tum: ho saktaa hai. isee t^araH :Khush: aur :shash: (ba-ma'nee ch`e- 6) qaafiyah ho sakte haiN!

(2) agar Ghazal ke mat^le' meN qavaafee par koyee paabandee lagaa dee gayee hai to us kaa iltizaam pooree Ghazal meN Z^arooree ho gaa. macala agar mat^le' meN :shaamil, kaamil: ko ba-t^aur-qavaafee baaNdh`aa gayaa hai to har qaafiyeh ke liYe Z^arooree ho gaa keh us ke aaKhir meN Huroof :alif, meem, laam: hoN. goyaa is Soorat meN :kaamil, aamil, Haamil: to qaafiye ho sakte haiN lekin :kaamil, bismil, qaatil: qaafiye naheeN ho sakte haiN.
umooma is qaa,ideh kee paabandee saKhtee se naheeN kee jaatee hai. isee t^araH :faryaad, barbaad: qaafiye ho sakte haiN lekin agar Ghazal ke mat^le' meN :barbaad, aabaad: ko qaafiyah baaNdh`aa gayaa hai to ba'd ke sab qavaafee ke aaKhir meN :be, alif, daal: kaa iltizaam karnaa ho gaa. chunaan.ch is Soorat meN uSoola :faryaad: qaafiyah naheeN ho saktaa hai.

(3) Urdu meN bohat se aise alfaz^ haiN jo Arabee ya Farsee se naheeN bal.k maqaamee boliyoN se liYe gaYe haiN, macala :nikh`raa, meree, dekh`aa, gayaa: vaGhaira. in ko qavaafee ke t^aur par istamaal karne ke qavaaneen itne sakHt naheeN haiN. aise sab alfaaz^ qaafiyeh ke t^aur par
ista;maal ho sakte haiN. yahaaN par is ijmaal kee th`oRee see tafSeel dilchaspee se Khaalee naheeN ho gee:

tafSeel:

(a) ilm-e-qaafyah kee roo se agar koyee do alfaaz^ apnee :aSl: meN :lafz^: kee ta'reef meN naheeN aate haiN aur do muKhtalif alfaaz^ ke murakkab se in kee tashkeel kee gayee hai yaa voh kisee maSdar (source-word) se nikaale gaYe haiN to voh qaaafiye sirf is Soorat meN ho
sakte haiN keh jab in alfaaz^ kee aSl (ya'nee bunyaadee SoorateN) bh`ee ham-qaafiyah hoN. is pecheedah qaa,ideh ko ek micaal se samjh`aayaa jaataa hai:
lafz^ :sitamgar: do alfaaz^ :sitam: aur :gar: se mil kar banaa hai. isee t^arah lafz^ :fusooN-gar: bh`ee :fusooN: aur :gar: se mil kar banaayaa gayaa hai. :sitamgar: kee :aSl: hai :sitam: aur :fusooN-gar: kee :aSl: hai :fusooN:. Z^aahir hai keh :sitam: aur :fusooN: ham-qaafiya naheeN

haiN aur isee liYe uSoola yeh alfaaz^ qavaafee kee t^araH istimaal naheeN ho sakte haiN.
isee t^araH :nikh`raa: kaa maSdar :nikh`arnaa: hai aur us se :naa: nikaal kar aur :alif: kaa iZ^aafah kar ke :nikh`raa: banaayaa gayaa hai. neez :gayaa: maazee hai :jaanaa: kaa. is se agar alif nikaal deN to bachaa huwaa HiSSa (ya'nee :gaaf, ye:) be-ma'nee ho jaataa hai. Urdu meN aise be-shumaar alfaaz^ maujood haiN. ulemaa-e-qaafiyah ne aise Huroof (macala: jaisaa, nikh`arnaa, gayaa) ko qaafiyah banaanaa ravaa rakh`aa hai.

(b) Urdu meN bohat se maqaamee boliyoN ke alfaaz^ kee jama' (plural) un ke aaKhir meN :alif, noon-e-Ghunnah: lagaa kar banaa lee jaatee hai. macala :haDDee: se :haDDiyaaN:, :aaNdh`ee: se :aaNdh`iyaaN:, :chiRyaa: se :chiRyaaN:, :sardee: se :sardiyaaN: vaGhaira. uSoola agar in ke aaKhiree :alif, noon-e-Ghunnah: ko nikaal diyaa jaaYe to in ke ham-qaafiyah hone ke liYe in ke baqiyah HiSSoN kaa ham-qaafiyah honaa Z^arooree ho gaa. chunaan.ch :garmiyaaN (garmee), sardiyaaN (sardee), aaNdh`iyaaN (aaNdh`ee): to qaafiya ho sakte haiN lekin :zanaaN (zan), chiRyaaN (chiRyaa): vaGhaira aaNdh`iyaaN, sardiyaaN ke qaafiye naheeN ho sakte haiN aur nah hee yeh alfaaz^ ek doosre ke qaafiye ho sakte haiN. pehlee Soorat meN :garmee, sardee, aaNdh`ee: ham-qaafiya haiN lekin yeh :zan, chiRya: ke ham-qaafiyah naheeN haiN aur doosree t^araf :zan, chiRyaa: aapas meN ham-qaafiya naheeN haiN. albattah yeh kehnaa Z^arooree hai keh is uSool par bh`ee saKhtee se amal naheeN kiyaa jaataa hai.

(c) Urdu chooN.k Arabee, Farsee ke ilaava aur bohat see maqaamee boliyoN ke alfaaz^ apne daaman meN rakh`tee hai, us kee shaa,iree ke qavaaneen ba'Z^ auqaat Arabee aur Farsee ke muqararrah uSuloN se gurez karte haiN aur is ko ravaa samjh`aa jaataa hai. macala :karnaa,
jh`arnaa, bh`arnaa, dh`arnaa: to ham-qaafiye maane jaate haiN lekin :karnaa: kaa qaafiyah :honaa: naheeN banaayaa jaa saktaa hai kyoN.k in meN se qadr-e-mushtarik :naa: nikaal dene ke ba'd jo kuch` bach rehtaa hai (ya'nee :kar: aur :ho:) voh ham-qaafiyah naheeN haiN. ph`ir bh`ee :honaa: kaa qaafiyah :duniyaa: banaayaa jaa saktaa hai kyoN.k yeh :qadr-e-mushtarik: vaale uSool se baahar haiN aur donoN kaa Harf-e-aaKhir :alif: hai. yeh qaanoon bh`ee hameshah paabandee se naheeN bartaa jaataa hai aur :honaa, ph`irnaa, lenaa, peenaa: sab qavaafee ke t^aur par naz^ar aa jaate haiN!

(4) do alfaaz^ ko kisee she'r meN qaafiyah qaraar dene kee ek buniyaadee shart^ yeh bh`ee hai keh Sirf ek hee lafz^ mat^le' ke donoN miSroN meN bat^aur-e-qaafiyah istamaal naheeN ho saktaa hai jab tak keh us ke ma'nee donoN miSroN meN judaa judaa nah hoN. macala lafz^ :jaanaa: ke ek ma'nee haiN :ek jagah se doosree jagah muntaqil honaa:
dil-e-naa-muraad teraa, hai kaheeN koyee Thikaana?
kabh`ee is galee se aanaa, kabh`ee us galee meN jaanaa (Sarwar Raz :Sarwar:)

aur :jaanaa: ke doosre ma'nee haiN :samajh`naa:

dekh`naa taqreer kee laZZat keh jo us ne kahaa
maiN ne yeh jaanaa keh goyaa yeh bh`ee mere dil meiN hai (Ghalib)

ab agar kisee she'r ke pehle miSre meN :jaanaa: apne pehle ma'nee meN aur doosre miSre meN apne doosre ma'nee meN baaNdh`aa jaaYe to yeh Soorat qaabil-e-qubool ho gee.

(5) qaafiyeh kee ae shart^ yeh bh`ee hai keh ham-qaafiyah alfaaz^ kee aavaaz laazima yaksaaN ho lekin shakl bh`ee kuch` muKhtalif Z^aroor ho. albattah yeh iKhtilaaf-e-shakl us Soorat meN naa-qaabil-e-qubool ho gaa jab voh Harf yaa Huroof jin par qaafiyeh kee buniyaad hai apnee
buniyaadee yaa aSl shakl meN badal jaayeN.

Macala, :raaz, aavaaz, aijaaz: to qaafiye ho sakte haiN lekin yeh :fai'yyaaZ^: ke qavaafee naheeN ho sakte haiN. isee t^araH :qaabil: aur :bismil: to qaafiye ho sakte haiN lekin :raat: aur :eHtiyaat^:, yaa :yaas: aur :KhaaS: qavaafee naheeN ho sakte haiN. aise qavaafee :malfooz^ee: qavaafee kehlaate haiN.

tafSeel: qavaafee kee ek aur shakl hai jo :maktoobee: kehlaatee hai. is Soorat meN do (2) qaafiyoN kee shakl to yaksaaN hotee hai albattah voh talaffuz^ aur ma'nee meN alag alag hote haiN. macala :quwwat: ba-ma'nee :t^aaqat: aur :qoot: ba-ma'nee :rozee jis par aadamee guZar kar sake: donoN kee hijje :qaaf, waw, te: hai. Arabee shaa,iree meN aise qavaafee kee ijaazat

hai magar Urdu meN is ko jaa,iz naheeN rakh`aa gayaa hai. isee qabeel ke kuch` aur alfaaz^ dekh`iye:

saqaf = lambaa aur TeRhaa honaa
saqf = ch`at, aasmaan
hijje = seen, qaaf, fe

seHr = subH
seHar = jaadoo
hijje = seen, baRee hey, re

aalam = duniyaa
aalim = ahl-e-ilm (scholar)
hijje = ain, alif, laam, meem

(6) kuch` alfaaz^ aise haiN jo :ch`oTee he: (haaYe hawwaz) par Khatm hote haiN magar zabaan se un kee adaa,igee meN :hey: kaa takalluf aur ehtimaam naheeN kiyaa jaataa hai aur unkee aavaaz :alif: se miltee.jultee hotee hai. macala :afsaanah, sheeshah, shiguftah, fareftah, umdah: vaGhairah ko aam t^aur se yooN adaa kiyaa jaataa hai :afsaanaa, sheeshaa, shiguftaa, fareftaa, umdaa:. kyaa aise alfaaz^ ko :alif: par Khatm hone vaale alfaaz^ macala :rakh`aa, saraapaa, Khudaayaa: vaGhairah kaa qaafiyah baaNdh`aa jaa saktaa hai? yaa aisaa karte vaqt in :hey: vaale alfaaz^ kaa imlaa badal kar aur un ko :alif: se likh` kar (afsaanaa, sheeshaa, shiguftaa, fareftaa, umdaa) hee aisaa kiyaa jaa saktaa hai? is silsileh meN ulamaa kee do (2) raaYeN haiN:

(a) kuch` logon kaa Khayaal hai keh maZkoorah Soorat meN aise alfaaz^ kaa imlaa :alif: se karnaa Zarooree hai. magar yeh raaYe is buniyaadee uSool ke Khilaaf jaatee hai keh :qaafiyeh kee buniyaad imlaa par naheeN ho saktee hai: varna lafz^ :aKhlaaS: ko :seen: se likh` kar :yaas: kaa qaafiyah banaane meN kyaa cheez maane' hai?

(b) doosree raaYe yeh hai keh in alfaaz^ kaa imlaa badalne kee Zaroorat naheeN hai. yehee raaYe ziyaadah mo'tabar hai. micaaleN dekh`iye:

rakh`naa to neechee aaNkh` gavaaraa naheeN hameN
par kyaa kareN keh Hukm-e-naz^aarah naheeN hameN (Masroor Kakorvee)

jo dil-e-veHshat-zadah ph`irtaa th`aa aavaaraH paRaa
sunte haiN jurm-e-muHabbat par voh kal maaraa paRaa (Jur'at)

(7) matle' meN ek hee qaafiyeh kee takraar naheeN ho saktee hai. macala agar radeef :nah huwaa th`aa: hai aur mat^le' ke donoN miSroN meN :Gham: qaafiyah band`haa jaaYe to Ghazal kee radeef hee :Gham na huawa th`aa: ho jaayegee aur qaafiyah Ghaa,ib! aisaa karnaa usee vaqt mumkin hai jab donoN miSroN meN :Gham: ke ma'nee kisee t^araH alag alag mutasavvur ho sakeN. ek martabah mat^le meN qaafiyah baNdh` jaaYe to doosre ash,aar meN qavaafee kee takraar par koyee paabandee naheeN hai. Jigar kee 23 ash'aar kee Ghazal :agar nah zuhrah-jabeenoN ke darmiyaaN guZre: meN :darmiyaaN: qaafiya ch`e (6) martabah baaNdh`aa
gayaa hai. ek hee qaafiyeh ko muKhtalif ash,aar meN naYe andaaz aur pehloo se baaNdh`naa shaa,iree kaa Husn samjh`aa jaataa hai.

7.4.3: qaafiyeh ke favaa,ed

yeh savaal dilchasp hai keh qaafiyeh se manz^oomaat meN voh kaun see KhuSooSiyaat paidaa ho jaatee haiN jo us kee qeemat yaa Husn meN iZ^aafeh kaa baa,ic hotee haiN? muKhtaSara qaafiyeh ke favaa,ed ko yooN bayaan kiyaa jaa saktaa hai:

(1) qaafiyah she'r ko Khush-aahaNg banaa detaa hai. ya'nee us ke istamaal se Ghazal yaa naz^m ke Sautee ta,accur meN iZ^aafah ho jaataa hai. is amr ke cuboot kee Z^aroorat meHsoos naheeN hotee hai kyoN.k yeh un umoor meN se hai jo vajdaanee t^aur par har shaKhs par z^aahir hote haiN.

(2) yeh baat bh`ee maanee huyee hai keh baa-vazn shaa,iree nisbata aasaanee se yaad ho jaatee hai aur yaad reh jaatee hai. aazaad shaa,iree ke maddaHoN se agar un ke pasandeedah shaa,ir kee taKhleeqaat sunaane kee darKhwaast kee jaaYye to akcar-o-beshtar ko is meN
dushvaaree pesh aatee hai jab keh yehee log Mir aur Ghalib ke ash,aar be-takaan sunaa sakte haiN. qaafiyah baa-vazn manz^oomaat kee is Sifat ko mazeed taqviyyat detaa hai.
puraane zamaaneh meN jab keh kaaGhaz aur vasaa,il-e-t^abaa,at-o-ishaa,at kee aisee sahoolateN mayassar naheeN th`eeN, logoN ko rivaayaat, vaaqi,aat aur shaa,iree vaGhairah ke taHaffuz^ ke liYe apne Haafiz^eh par hee bh`arosah karnaa paRtaa th`aa. qaafiyeh se un ko cheezeN yaad karne meN aasaanee hotee th`ee. qaafiyeh ke aam istamaal kee shaayad ek vajh yeh bh`ee ho.

(3) qaafiyeh jahaaN manz^oomaat kee z^aahiree Soorat behtar kartaa hai vaheeN un kee ma'naviyyat meN bh`ee iZ^aafeh kaa baa,ic hotaa hai. yeh ek bideehee baat hai keh jo cheez she'r kaa Sautee baRh`aaYe us se she'r kee ma'naviyyat kaa muta,accir honaa ain mumkin hai. is silsileh meN yeh baat yaad rakh`nee Z^arooree hai keh qaafiyeh ke liYe baa-ma'nee honaa shart^-e-laazim hai jab.k radeef ke liYe aisee koyee shart^ naheeN hai. chunaan.ch yeh dekh`aa jaa saktaa hai keh qaafiyah aur radeef mil kar ash,aar ko mosooqiyat se bh`ee muttaSif karte haiN.

(4) muKhtalif qavaafee kaa istamaal ash,aar ke maz^aameen meN tanavvu' kaa baa,ic bh`ee hotaa hai. ya'nee kisee she'r meN agar :azaab: aur :itaab: qavaafee hoN to us kaa mat^alb us she'r se muKhatalif hogaa jis meN :azaab: aur :cavaab: istamaal hoN.

7.4.4: iKhtitaamiyah

ummeed hai k yeh muKhtaSar maz^moon Urdu shaa,iree meN qaafiyeh kee ahmiyyat aur us ke muzmiraat kee vazaaHat-o-tashreeH meN muaa,vin caabit huwaa ho gaa. aglee qist^oN meN shaa,iree ke deegar pehloo pesh kiYe jaaYeN ge.