Nikaat-e-SuKhan #2:

Nikaat-e-Sukhan # 2

Haashiyah: aap se darKhwaast hai keh maZ^aameen ke is silsileh ko paRhne se pehle is kee pehlee qist^ ke aaKhir meN diYe huwe Haashiyeh (note) ko Z^aroor paRh` leN. Shukriyah!

2.1 : chand baateN

is maZ^moon kee pehlee qist^ meN ham ne Ghazal ke muKhtalif pehlu,oN par mufaSSil baat kee th`ee aur us kee KhuSooSiyaat aur lavaazimaat par beHc bh`ee kee th`ee. Ghazal ke Hawaaleh se us kee beshtar iSt^ilaaHaat ke Zikr meN :beHr: kaa Zikr bh`ee aayaa th`aa. woh log jo Ghazal kehne kaa shauq rakh`te haiN Urdu shaa,i�ree meN :beHr: kee ahmiyat se Khoob waaqif haiN.

:Nikaat-e-SuKhan: kee pehlee qist^ paRh kar aap ke Zehn meN chaNd sawaal Z^aroor ubh`re hoN ge:

(1) �beHr� kyaa cheez hai? is kaa shaa,i�ree meN kyaa maqaam hai? is ke ajzaa-e-tarkeebee kyaa haiN?

(2) Urdu shaa,i�ree meN kitnee beHreN ista�maal hotee haiN? un ke naam kyaa haiN? un ko kaise pehchaanaa jaataa hai?

(3) yeh ma'loom karne kaa kyaa paimaanah hai keh ek Ghazal kaun see beHr meN hai?

(4) beHr ke I�lm ko kyaa kehte haiN aur us ke bunyaadee a�naaSir (sing:u�nSar) kyaa haiN?
is qist^ meN in sawaaloN kaa muKhtaSar javaab dene kee koshish kee jaaYe gee. is Haqeeqat ko saamne rakh`te huwe keh akcar log Khushk aur �technical� baatoN se jald uktaa jaate haiN, yahaaN Sirf bunyaadee baatoN hee se beHc ho gee. jo log mazeed ma'loomaat HaaSil karnee
chaaheN voh kitaaboN se madad le sakte haiN.

yahaaN yeh kehnaa Z^arooree hai keh her I�lm kee t^araH shaa,i�ree kee baareekiyoN ko samajh`ne ke liYe bh`ee ek SaaHeb-e-I�lm ustaad kee reh-numaayee chaahiYe. afsos! keh ab, America kaa to kyaa Zikr, Hindustan aur Pakistan meN bh`ee aise ustaad bohat kam reh gaYe haiN jo shaa,i�ree kaa pooraa I�lm rakhte haiN. aaj kal usaadee/shaagirdee ke silsileh ko fuZ^ool samjh`aa jaataa hai HaalaN.k is ke baGhair achh`ee shaa,i�ree mushkil se hee ho saktee hai.

ab aai,Ye oopar ke sawaalaat kee raushanee meN kuch` dilchasp nikaat par guftgoo kee jaaYe:

taufeeq agar reh-bar-e-manzil naheeN hotee
me'raaj-e-muHabbat kabh`ee HaaSil naheeN hotee! (Raz Chandpuri)

2.2 : A�rooZ^ kyaa hai?

Urdu shaa',i�ee meN :beHr: kee ahmiyyat, Haqeeqat aur is silsileh ke doosre maZ^aameen par guftgoo se pehle iI�m-e-a�rooZ^ par muKhtaSar beHc Z^arooree hai kyoN.k beHr kaa saaraa I�lm a�rooZ^ kee bunyaad par hee qaa',im hai. yeh beHc mushkil aur Khushk hai aur shuroo' shuroo'
meN Zehnee uljh`an paidaa kar saktee hai. albattah is beHc kaa voh HiSSah jis kee shaa,i�ree meN Z^aroorat hotee hai ziyaadah mushkil naheeN hai. jagah jagah micaaloN kee maujoodagee bh`ee is ko kuch� aasaan banaa saktee hai.

yeh to sab ko ma'loom hai keh zabaaneN muKhtalif aawaazoN se mil kar bantee haiN. in aawaazoN ko adaa karne kee do (2) SoorateN mumkin haiN:

(1) aawaazeN is t^araH se adaa kee jaaYeN keh ba'Z^ aavaazeN lambee yaa baRee ma'loom hoN aur ba'z ch`oTee sunaayee deN.

(2) aavaazeN is t^araH se adaa kee jaaYeN keh ba'z aavaazoN kee adaa,igee meN ziyaadah zor (emphasis) ma'loom ho aur ba'z meN kam zor kaa ista�maal ho.

Urdu zabaan pehle giroh se ta,a�lluq rakh`tee hai. ya'nee is meN aawaazeN yaa to lambee sunaayee detee haiN yaa ph`ir ch`oTee.

(a) ch�oTee aavaaz se voh aavaaz muraad hai jis meN Sirf ek (1) Harf (pl: Huroof) sunaayee detaa hai. (Harf ko :maatra: bh`ee kehte haiN)

(b) lambee yaa baRee aavaaz se voh aavaaz muraad hai jis meN do (2) Huroof kee aavaaz sunaayee detee hai.

aavaazoN ke is farq ko samajh`ne ke liYe lafz :a�rooZ^: ko hee leejiYe. a�rooZ^ kee hijje hai (a�in, re, waw, Z^waad): a�in par 'zabar' hai aur Z^vaad 'saakin' hai ya'nee is ko zer, zabar, pesh se Harakat naheeN dee gayee hai.

lafz^ :a�rooZ^: ko zabaan se adaa karne meN pehle ek Harf (ya'nee a�in) kee aavaaz sunaayee detee hai. uske ba'd do (2) Huroof kee aavaaz (ya'nee rey aur waw se mil kar) :roo: sunaayee detee hai. aur aaKhir meN ek aur Harf (ya'nee Z^waad) kee aavaaz kaanoN meN paRtee hai.

chunaan.ch, ham yeh keh sakte haiN keh lafz^ :a�rooZ^: ek ch`oTee, ek baRee aur ph`ir ek ch`oTee aawaaz se mil kar banaa hai. agar ham ch`oTee aavaaz ko 's' aur baRee aavaaz ko 'l' se z^aahir kareN to :a�rooZ^: kee a�laamatee (symbolic) tarteeb yooN hogee: s-l-s.

isee t^araH lafz^ :a�rooZ^ee: ko a�laamatoN ke Zari,e� yooN likh`aa jaa saktaa hai: s-l-l ; kyoN.k is ko zabaan se adaa karne meN ek ch`oTee aavaaz (a�), ph`ir ek lambee aavaaz (roo), aur ph`ir ek aur lambee aavaaz (Z^ee) sunaayee detee hai. apnee aasaanee kee Khaat^ir ham in aavaazoN
ko saalimoN (syllables) se ta'beer kar sakte haiN.

oopar kee baatoN kee raushnee meN i�lm-e-a�rooZ^ kee muKhtaSar aur jaame' ta'reef yooN ho saktee hai:
:a�rooZ^: us I�lm kaa naam hai jis meN zabaan aur she�r kaa mut^aali,a�h ek KhaaS t^areeqeh se kiyaa jaataa hai. ya'nee yeh keh Urdu zabaan meN aavaazeN kis namooneh par jama' hotee haiN? alfaaz^ ko adaa karte waqt jis qism kee aavaaz nikaltee hai voh lambee hai yaa ch`oTee?
kitnee lambee aavaazeN yakjaa ho saktee haiN? kitnee ch`oTee aavaazeN yakjaa ho saktee haiN? aur lambee aur ch`oTee aavaazoN kaa ba-yak waqt ijtimaa' kis Had tak aur kis namooneh par mumkin hai?

is ta'reef se ma'loom huwaa keh a�rooZ^ kaa bunyaadee kaam aavaazoN kee tarteeb aur un ke namoonoN kaa mut^aali,a�h karnaa hai. kisee lafz^ kee aavaazoN kee tarteeb ko agar a�laamatoN ke Zari,e�h z^aahir kiyaa jaaYe to is ko :alfaaz^ kaa wazn z^aahir karnaa: kahaa jaataa hai. macala� lafz^ :a�rooZ^: kaa wazn hai :s-l-s:.
jab is tarteeb ko kisee namooneh yaa tarkeeb (she�r waGhairah) ke aHaat^eh meN Daal diyaa jaaYe aur us pooree tarkeeb ke wazn ko mustaqil a�laamatoN yaa namoonoN ke Zari,e�h z^aahir kiyaa jaaYe to us ko maZkoorah tarkeeb kee :taqt^ee': karnaa yaa :beHr bayaan karnaa: kehte haiN. is kee tafSeel aage aaYe gee.

is se pehle kahaa jaa chukaa hai keh Urdu zabaan ke tamaam alfaaz^ aise haiN keh un meN se ba'Z^ kee aavaaz lambee ma'loom hotee hai aur ba'Z^ kee ch`oTee. isee t^araH jitne bh`ee mumkin namoone yaa taraakeeb hamaaree zabaan meN ban sakte haiN un kaa iz^haar bh`ee ch`oTee aur baRee aavaazoN kee tarteeb ke Zari,e�h a�mal meN aataa hai.

yeh mumkin hai keh ba'Z^z aawaazeN aisee hoN jo likh`ne meN ba-z^aahir lambee dikh`aayee detee haiN, lekin bolne aur paRhne meN ch`oTee sunaayee detee haiN. aisee aawaazeN voh haiN jin ke aaKhir meN :alif, waw, noon-e-Ghunnah, ch`oTee ye, baRee ye, ch`oTee hey: meN se koyee ek Harf hotaa hai. micaal ke t^aur par yeh miSra� dekh`iYe:

umeedeN GhareeboN kee bar laane waalaa (Molana Hali)

is miSre` meN lafz^ :kee: aur :ne: baz^aahir lambe likh`e gaYe haiN, aur lambee aawaaz waale naz^ar bh`ee aate haiN. lekin paRhne meN donoN kee 'ye' dabaayee jaatee hai. ya'nee agar.ch 'kee' aur 'ne' meN do (2), do (2) Huroof saath` saath` likh`e gaYe haiN lekin paRhne meN aik hee Harf (kaaf zer :ki:) aur (noon zer :ne:) kee aavaaz adaa hotee hai. is t^araH is miSre� kee tarteeb ko oopar likh`ee a�laamaat ke Zari,e�h yooN bayaan kiyaa jaa saktaa hai:

umeedeN GhareeboN kee bar laa ne waalaa
s-l-l s-l-l s-l-l s-l-l

is nukteh ko mazeed Saaf karne ke liYe agar ham :kee: aur :ne: ko un kee z^aahiree lambee shakl meN hee likh`eN aur a�laamatee naqshah banaayeN to yooN likh`naa ho gaa:

umeeden GhareeboN kee bar laa ne waa laa
s-l-l s-l-l l-l-l l-l-l

aap is naqsheh ko paRhiYe to faura� ma'loom ho jaaYe gaa keh miSra� nah Sirf zabaan par ravaaN naheeN hai bal.k naa-mauzooN bh`ee hai. is kee vajh yeh hai keh ham ne :kee: aur :ne: ko maSnoo,e�e t^aur par voh aavaazeN dee haiN jo fit^ree bol-chaal ke Khilaaf haiN. lihaaZah is miSre kee SaHeeH a�laamatee shakl vohee hai jo oopar likh`ee jaa chukee hai ya'nee:

s-l-l; s-l-l; s-l-l; s-l-l

oopar kee teHreer meN ham ne :s: aur :l: ko a�laamaat ke liYe ista�maal kiyaa hai. yeh niz^aam apnee baat samjh`aane kee Had tak to Ghaneemat hai lekin shaa,i�ree meN ista�maal karne ke liYe ek behtar niz^aam kee Z^aroorat hai. agar hamaare paas kuch` aise alfaaz^ maujood hoN jo Urdu ke tamaam alfaaz^ aur namoonoN ko a�laamatee t^aur par adaa kar sakeN to yeh mushkil aasaan ho saktee hai.

Khush-qismatee se aisee a�laamaat hamaare buzurgoN ne muddatoN pehle daryaaft kar lee th`eeN . chunaan.ch I�lm-e-a�rooZ^ meN muKhtalif aawaazoN kee adaa,igee kaa ek aur t^areeqah ista�maal kiyaa jaataa hai. yan'ee is meN aise farZ^ee (dummy) alfaaz^ ista�maal kiYe jaate haiN jo Urdu kee aawaazoN kee tarteeb ke tamaam mumkin namoonoN ko z^aahir kar sakte haiN.

aise alfaaz^ ko :afaa,e�el: yaa :arkaan: (sing: rukn) kehte haiN. yeh afaa,e�el (arkaan) ta'daad meN Sirf aaTh (8) haiN aur neeche likh`e jaa rahe haiN:

(1) sabaa,e�e afaa,e�el: ya'nee woh arkaan jin meN saat (7) Huroof hote haiN. in kee ta'daad ch`e (6) hai:

(a) mu-faa-e�e-lun (meem, fey, alif, a�in, ch`oTee ye, laam, noon)

(b) faa-i�-laa-tun (fey, alif, a�in, laam, alif, tey, noon)

(c) mus-taf-i�-lun (meem, seen, tey, fey, a�in, laam, noon)

(d) maf-o�o-laat (meem, fey, a�in, waw, laam, alif, tey)

(e) mu-ta-faa-i�-lun (meem, tey, fey, alif, a�in, laam, noon)

(f) mu-faa-i�-la-tun (meem, fey, alif, a�in, laam, tey, noon)

(2) KhamaaSee afaa,e�el : ya'nee voh afaa,e�el jin meN paaNch (5) Huroof hote haiN. yeh ta'daad meN do (2) haiN:

(a) fa-o�o-lun (fe, a�in, waw, laam, noon)

(b) faa-i�-lun (fe, alif, a�in, laam, noon)

inheeN aaTh (8) afaa,e�el (arkaan) kee ulaT-ph`er se muKHtalif namoone bante haiN jin ko :beHr: kehte haiN. jo log Hindustani :claasical: mooseeqee kaa shauq rakh`te haiN un ko ma'loom hai keh us meN Sirf saat (7) suroN (sa, re, ga, ma, pa, dh`a, nee) se tamaam raag banaaye jaate
haiN. taqreeba� yehee Soorat shaa,i�ree meN afaa,e�el (arkaan) aur beHroN kee hai.

in arkaan ke mut^aali,e�h se z^aahir hotaa hai keh :ek ch`oTee, ek baRee, aur ph`ir ek aur baRee: aavaazoN par mushtamil jo rukn banaayaa gayaa hai voh :fa-o�o-lun: hai. chunaan.ch Molana Hali ke miSre ko afaa,e�el kee zabaan meN yooN adaa kiyaa jaaYe gaa:

mu-raa-deN Gha-ree-boN kee-bar-laa ne-waa-laa
fa-o�o-lun fa-o�o-lun fa-o�o-lun fa-o�o-lun

yehee naqshah is miSre� aur us naz^m kee jis se yeh miSra� liyaa gayaa hai :beHr: hai. is beHr ko :beHr-e-muta,qaarib: kaa naam diyaa gayaa hai. jis t^araH mooseeqee meN raagoN ke naam kee koyee vajh-e-tasmiyah naheeN hotee hai usee t^araH shaa,i�ree meN beHroN ke naam bh`ee Sirf un kee shanaaKht ke liYe diye gaYe haiN aur un kee koyee vajh naheeN hai keh kisee beHr ko us ke maKhSooS naam se hee kyoN pukaaraa jaataa hai.

is maZ^moon kee aglee qist^ meN beHroN par mufaSSil beHc kee jaaYe gee.

yaar zinda, suHbat baaqee!
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