English اردو
Nikaat-e-SuKhan #3 :
Nikaat-e-Sukhan # 3:3.1: arkaan (afaa,eel) aur un ke ziHaafaat (modified forms):
pichlee qist^ meN ham ne beHr par ibtidaayee guftgoo shuroo' kee th`ee aur is Z^imn meN afaa,eel (arkaan) kaa Zikr aayaa th`aa jo Urdu shaa,iree meN beHroN ke :eeN'T aur gaare: (building blocks) kaa kaam dete haiN. yeh aaTh (8) arkaan aap kee sahoolat ke liYe neeche ph`ir
likh`e jaa rahe haiN kyoN.k in ko aage kee beHc meN baar baar istamaal kiyaa jaaYe gaa:
(a) mu-faa-ee-lun meem, fey, alif, ain, ch`oTee ye, laam, noon
(b) faa-I-laa-tun fey, alif, ain, laam, alif, tey, noon
(c) mus-taf-I-lun meem, seen, tey, fey, ain, laam, noon
(d) maf-oo-laat meem, fey, ain, waw, laam, alif, tey
(e) mu-ta-faa-I-lun meem, tey, fey, alif, ain, laam, noon
(f) mu-faa-I-la-tun meem, fey, alif, ain, laam, tey, noon
(g) fa-oo-lun fe, ain, vav, laam, noon
(h) faa-I-lun fe, alif, ain, laam, noon
yeh arkaan apnee aSl shakl meN oopar darj haiN aur ist^ilaaHa in ko :saalim: kahaa jaataa hai. yeh beHroN meN apnee saalim shakl meN bh`ee istamaal hote haiN aur akcar in kee shakl badal dee jaatee hai. aisee badlee huyee shakl ko :muzaaHif: kehte haiN. voh a/mal (process) jis se muzaaHif banaaYe jaate haiN :ziHaaf: kehlaataa hai.
saalim arkaan ko un ke ziHaafaat (modified forms) meN tabdeel karne ke uSool nihaayat mushkil aur pecheeda haiN aur un se vaaqifiyat Z^arooree bh`ee naheeN hai. albattah ziHaafaat kee pehchaan Z^arooree hai taa.k un kaa istamaal shaa,iree meN Theek t^aur par kiyaa jaa sake. neeche ziHaafaat banaane kee chand micaaleN dee jaatee haiN taa.k aap ko is amal kaa kuch` andaazah ho sake. mukammal beHc yahaaN mumkin naheeN hai.
3.2: ziHaafaat (modified arkaan/afaa'eel) kee chand micaaleN:
(1) :mu-faa-ee-lun: se :mu-faa-ee: aur :fa-oo-lun: se :fa-oo: nikaal diYe jaaYeN to :lun: bachtaa hai. is ko :fa': (fe, ain) se badal dete haiN aur ek rukn kee t^araH istamal karte haiN. goyaa :fa': ek muzaaHif hai :mu-faa-ee-lun: aur :fa-oo-lun: kaa.
is amal ko :batar: kehte haiN aur is se jo nayaa rukn (muzaaHif) :fa': banaa hai us ko iSt^ilaaHa :abtar: kehte haiN. micaal aage aa rahee hai.
(2) :fa-oo-lun: se Harf :fe: nikaal deN to :oo-lun: reh jaataa hai jis ko us kee muzaaHif shakl meN :fa-lun: (fe, ain, laam, noon) keh dete haiN aur ek rukn ke t^aur per istamaal karte haiN.
(3) :faa-I-laa-tun: kaa :tun:, :mu-faa-ee-lun: kaa :lun: yaa :fa-oo-lun: kaa :lun: nikaal deN to bil-tarteeb :faa-I-laa:, :mu-faa-ee: aur :fa-oo: bachte haiN. un ko muzaaHif shakl meN yooN badal
dete haiN:
faa-i-laa-----> faa-i-lun
mu-faa-ee-----> fa-oo-lun
fa-oo-----> fa-al
in :modified: arkaan ko iSt^ilaaHa :meHzoof: kehte haiN. micaal aage aaYe gee.
yeh teen micaaleN hee beshtar logoN ko uljh`an meN mubtilaa karne ke liYe kaafee haiN! is liYe yeh tafSeel yaheeN Khatm kee jaatee hai. agar aap saalim afaa,eel se waaqif haiN to un ke ziHaafaat aane waalee micaaloN meN Khud hee aap kee tawajjuh apnee t^araf kheeNch leN ge. aur agar aap kaa Khayaal udh`ar nah bh`ee gayaa to koyee qiyaamat naheeN TooT paRe gee! hameN arooZ^ kee ibtidaayee ma'loomaat se mat^lab hai. is maidaan meN kamaal naheeN HaaSil karnaa hai!
3.3: Urdu kee beHreN
Urdu meN jitnee beHreN istamaal hotee haiN woh sab kee sab Arabee se lee gayee haiN. yeh ta'daad meN kul unnees (19) haiN. in meN ba'Z^ meN saalim arkaan istamaal hote haiN, ba'Z^ meN ziHaafaat bh`ee istamaal hote haiN aur ba'Z^ apnee saalim shakl meN Urdu meN kabh`ee
istamaal naheeN hotee haiN. beHroN kee taqseem ke muKhtalif tareeqe haiN. in se beHr pehchaanee jaatee hai aur miSre yaa sher kee taqt^ee karte waqt is kaa naam liyaa jaataa hai:
(a) apnee waZ^a' (istamaal kee shakl) ke liHaaz^ se beHreN do (2) t^araH kee hotee haiN:
(a.1) voh beHreN jin meN ek hee rukn kee takraar hotee hai :mufarrid: kehlaatee haiN. qist #2 kee micaal jis meN Molana Hali kaa miSra (muraadeN GhareeboN kee bar laane waalaa) istamaal kiyaa gayaa th`aa isee qism kee micaal hai kyoN.k us kee taqt^ee' meN ek hee rukn
:fa-oo-lun: kee takraar hai:
umeedeN; GhareeboN; kee bar laa; ne waalaa
fa-oo-lun; fa-oo-lun; fa-oo-lun; fa-oo-lun
(a.2) woh beHreN jo ek se ziyaadah arkaan kee tarkeeb se bantee haiN :murakkab: kehlaatee haiN. is kee micaaleN aage aayeN gee.
(b) apnee lambaayee ke liHaaz^ se beHreN do (2) qism kee hotee haiN:
(b.1) mucamman [ya'nee aaTh (8) arkaan vaalee]: voh beHreN jin ke har miSre meN chaar (4) arkaan hote haiN :mucamman: kehlaatee haiN kyoN.k sher ke donoN miSroN ko milaa kar is meN aaTh (8) arkaan hote haiN. Molana Hali ke miSre (muraadeN GhareeboN kee bar laane waalaa) kee beHr mucamman hai kyoN.k is meN :fa-oo-lun: chaar martabah aayaa hai. doosre miSre meN bh`ee isee t^araH chaar baar aaYe gaa. aur is t^araH arkaan kee kul tadaad aaTh (8) ho jaaYe gee.
(b.2) musaddas [ya'nee ch`e (6) arkaan vaalee]: voh beHreN jin ke har miSre meN teen (3) arkaan hote haiN :musaddas: kehlaatee haiN kyoN.k sher ke donoN miSroN ko milaa kar is meN ch`e (6) arkaan hote haiN. is kee micaal aage aayegee.
Note: agar kisee beHr ke har miSre meN teen (3) kee bajaaYe ch`e (6), yaa chaar (4) kee bajaaYe aaTh (8) arkaan hoN to beHr ko ph`ir bh`ee :musaddas: yaa :mucamman: hee kehte haiN lekin us ke naam ke ba'd beHr ke bayaan meN :muZ^aa,if: (ya'nee do-gunaa) likh` dete haiN.
(c) ba'Z^ aisee beHreN haiN jin ke har miSre meN chaar (4) arkaan is t^araH hote haiN keh pehle do arkaan kee takraar se un kee tashkeel hotee hai, macala aisee Ghazal jo is wazn par pooree utartee ho:
faa-i-laa-tun; faa-i-lun; faa-i-laa-tun; faa-i-lun
aisee beHr ko beHr-e-shakasta yaa beHr-e-mukarrar kehte haiN.
3.4: taqt^ee' aur beHr
aap meN se jin logoN ne kaheeN taqt^ee kaa Zikr dekh`aa hai unhoN ne shaayad kaheeN kisee beHr ke silsileh se yooN likhaa dekhaa hogaa :beHr hazaj mucamman aKHrab: yaa aise hee kuch` aur alfaaz^ naz^ar se guZre hoN ge. aur z^aahir hai keh yeh un ke sar ke oopar se guZar gayaa hogaa! is baat ko samajh`ne ke liYe pehle :taqt^ee': ko samajh`naa Z^arooree hai aur ph`ir
yeh samajh`naa ho gaa keh taqt^ee' bayaan karte huwe beHr kee kaun kaun see KhuSooSiyaat kaa Zikr kiyaa jaataa hai?
(a) taqt^ee' kyaa hai?:
woh amal (process) jis ke Zari,eh kisee sher yaa miSre ko afaa,eel (arkaan) kee taraazoo meN chaRhaa kar us kee beHr qaa,iem kee jaatee hai :taqt^ee': kehlaataa hai. taqt^e' woh kasauTee hai jis meN manz^oomaat parakh` kar un kee fannee (artistic) aGhlaat^ kee shanaaKht kee jaatee hai aur yeh faiSilah kiyaa jaataa hai keh sher kis beHr meN hai aur woh beHr se Khaarij to naheeN hai? (agar koyee sher apne wazn (meter) par pooraa nah utre to us ko :beHr se Khaarij honaa: kahaa jaataa hai.)
(b) taqt^ee' kaa bayaan:
jab kisee miSre yaa sher kee taqt^ee' bayaan karte haiN to sab se pehle beHr kaa naam likh`te haiN. ph`ir yeh bataate haiN keh woh mucamman hai yaa musaddas. Ph`ir agar voh saalim arkaan se bane hai to :saalim: likh dete haiN lekin agar us meN ziHaafaat haiN to jis tarteeb se yeh ziHaafaat aaYe haiN usee tarteeb se un kaa naam likh` diyaa jaataa hai. macla aisee Ghazal ko leejiYe jis ko :beHr-e-hazaj mucamman aKhrab: kahaa gayaa hai. yahaaN yeh kahaa jaa rahaa hai keh yeh Ghazal :beHr-e-hazaj: meN hai, jo mucamman hai (ya'nee aaTh arkaan kee hai) aur is meN voh ziHaafaat istamaal kiYe gaYe haiN jo :aKhrab: haiN. aage chal kar maloom ho gaa keh chooN.k beHr-e-hazaj kaa ek rukn :mu-faa-ee-lun: hai jis kaa aKhrab muzaaHif :maf-ool: hai is liYe aap dekheN ge keh yeh ziHaaf is sher kee taqt^ee' meN maujood hai. is baat ko ek micaal se samjh`aayaa jaataa hai.
Mir Taqi Mir kaa ek sher hai:
kuch` mauj-e-hawaa pechaaN ai Mir naz^ar aayee
shaayad keh bahaar aayee, zanjeer naz^ar aayee
is ko arkaan meN yooN dikh`aayaa jaaYe gaa:
kuch` mauj-e; hawaa pechaaN; ai Mir; naz^ar aayee
maf-oo-lu; mu-faa-ee-lun; maf-oo-lu; mu-faa-ee-lun
dekh`iYe keh is naqsheh meN :mu-faa-ee-lu: hai jo keh beHr-e-hazaj kaa bunyaadee rukn hai (tafSeel aage aaYe gee) aur :maf-ool: bh`ee hai jo :mu-faa-ee-lun: kaa :aKhrab: ziHaaf hai!
3.5: Urdu meN musta'mil beHreN
oopar yeh kahaa gayaa th`aa keh Urdu meN unnees (19) beHreN istamaal hotee haiN. dar-aSl beHreN to bohat ziyaadah istamaal hotee haiN lekin yahaaN Sirf un ko hee ginwaanaa maqSood hai jo yaa to saalim shakloN meN musta'mil haiN yaa apnee muzaaHif shakl meN. agar saalim ke
saath` muzaaHif shakloN ko ginaa jaaYe to ta'daad 19 se bohat ziyaadah ho jaatee hai. neeche jo 19 baHoor (sing: beHr) apne arkaan ke saath` dee jaa rahee haiN un meN se jo muzaaHif shakloN meN bh`ee musta'mil haiN un kee shanaaKht kar dee gayee hai:
(1) beHr-e-rajaz: mus-taf-i-lun; mus-taf-i-lun; mus-taf-i-lun; mus-taf-i-lun
(2) beHr-e-ramal: faa-i-laa-tun; faa-i-laa-tun; faa-i-laa-tun; faa-i-laa-tun
(3) beHr-e-baseet^: mus-taf-i-lun; faa-i-lun; mus-taf-ilun; faa-i-lun
(4) beHr-e-taweel: fa-oo-lun; mu-faa-ee-lun; fa-oo-lun; mu-faa-ee-lun
(5) beHr-e-Kaamil: mu-ta-faa-i-lun; mu-ta-faa-i-lun mu-ta-faa-iI-lun; mu-ta-faa-i-lun
(6)beHr-e-mutadaarik: faa-i-lun; faa-i-lun; faa-i-lun; faa-i-lun
(7)beHr-e-hazaj: mu-faa-ee-lun; mu-faa-ee-lun; mu-faa-ee-lun; mu-faa-ee-lun
(8)beHr-e-mushaakil: faa-i-laa-tun; mu-faa-ee-lun; mu-faa-ee-lun
(9)beHr-e-madeed: faa-i-laa-tun; faa-i-lun; faa-i-laa-tun; faa-i-lun
(10)beHr-e-mutaqaarib: fa-oo-lun; fa-oo-lun; fa-oo-lun; fa-oo-lun
(11)beHr-e-mujtas: mus-taf-i-lun; faa-i-laa-tun; mus-taf-i-lun; faa-i-laa-tun
(Sirf muzaaHif shakl meN)
(12) beHr-e-muZ^aare' : mu-faa-ee-lun; faa-i-laa-tun; mu-faa-ee-lun; faa-i-laa-tun (Sirf muzaaHif shakl meN)
(13) beHr-e-munsareH: mus-taf-i-lun; maf-oo-laat; mus-taf-i-lun; maf-oo-laat (Sirf muzaaHif shakl meN)
(14) beHr-e-waafer: mu-faa-i-la-tun; mu-faa-i-la-tun; mu-faa-i-la-tun; mu-faa-i-la-tun
(Sirf muzaaHif shakl meN)
(15) beHr-e-qareeb: mu-faa-ee-lun; mu-faa-ee-lun; faa-i-laa-tun
(Sirf muzaaHif shakl meN)
(16) beHr-e-saree': mus-taf-i-lun; mus-taf-i-lun; maf-oo-laat
(Sirf muzaaHif shakl meN)
(17) beHr-e-Khafeef: faa-i-laa-tun; mus-taf-i-lun; faa-i-laa-tun
(Sirf muzaaHif shakl meN)
(18) beHr-e-jadeed: faa-i-laa-tun; faa-i-laa-tun; mus-taf-i-lun
(Sirf muzaaHif shakl meN)
(19) beHr-e-muqtaZ^eb: maf-oo-laat; mus-taf-i-lun; maf-oo-laat; mus-taf-i-lun (Sirf muzaaHif shakl meN)
3.6: talaffuz aur taqtee' :
uSool-e-taqt^ee' ke mut^aabiq alfaaz^ jis t^araH paRhe jaate haiN usee t^araH un kee taqt^ee' bh`ee kee jaatee hai. is liYe ash,aar kee taqt^ee' ke liYe alfaaz^ ke imlaa kee rehnumaayee har maqaam par durust aur mo'tabar naheeN hai. macala, ham 'Khooshee' (Khe, vav, sheen, ch`oTee ye) likhte haiN lekin 'Khushee' (jaise keh 'Khe' par pesh ho aur :waw: ek sire se Ghaa,ib hee ho!) paRhte haiN. yehee doosraa talaffuz^ taqt^ee' meN istamaal kiyaa jaaYe gaa. kaun saa lafz^ kab ch`oTaa yaa baRaa kar ke paRhaa jaaYe? is kee tafSeel kaa yeh mauqa'h naheeN hai. agar shaa,ir Zauq-e-saleem rakh`taa hai aur shaa,iree ke zer-o-bam (rhythm) se waaqif hai to baGhair talaffuz^ aur taqt^ee' ke saare uSool paRhe woh taqreeba hameshah apne kalaam ko Saaf suth`raa aur taqt^ee' ke liHaaz^ se SaHeeH banaa saktaa hai.
kuch` Huroof taqt^ee' meN naheeN liYe jaate haiN. in se th`oRee see waaqifiyyat honee chaahiYe taa.k apnee Ghalat^ee Khud hee SaHeeH karne meN aasaanee ho. neeche yeh Huroof likh`e jaa rahe haiN.
darj-e-Zel aawaazeN taqt^ee' meN naheeN lee jaatee haiN :
(1) do-chashmee 'hey' :agar woh lafz^ ke beech men yaa aaKhir meN aaYe, macala :paRhnaa, doodh`: vaGhira.
(2) noon-e-Ghunnah (nasal 'noon') chaahe voh lafz^ ke beech meN ho yaa aaKhir meN.
(3) woh 'vav' jo paRhne meN naheeN aataa hai macala :Khush, Khwaab: vaGhaira.
(4) yaa-e-maKhloot (ya'nee voh 'ye' jo lafz^ meN kh`ap kar apnaa alag wujood taqreeba kh`o de) macala :kyoN, kyaa: waGhaira.
(5) agar teen (3) saakin Huroof (ya'nee voh Huroof jin ko bolne meN zabar, zer, pesh kee Harakat naheeN denee paRtee hai) ek saath` aa.jaaYeN to aaKhiree saakin lafz^ taqt^ee' meN naz^ar-andaaz kiyaa jaa saktaa hai. macala :zeest: ke teen Huroof (ye, seen, te) saakin haiN. chunaan.ch 'te' ko taqt^ee' meN naz^ar-andaaz karnaa durust ho gaa.
(6) miSre ke aaKhir men jo saakin lafz^ akelaa bach jaaYe us ko taqt^ee' meN naz^ar-andaaz kar dete haiN. macala ek miSra hai:
gulshan meN band-o-bast ba-raNg-e-digar hai aaj
is miSre kee aaKhiree 'jeem' saakin hai aur taqt^ee' meN naheeN lee jaaYe gee.
yahaaN ab beHc us manzil par aa gayee hai keh micaaloN kee saKht Z^aroorat hai. aglee qist^ meN muKhtalif beHroN ke ash,aar kaceer ta'daad meN diYe jaayeN ge aur un kee taqt^ee' kee jaaYe gee. ummeed hai keh is silsileh se aap ko kuch` nah kuch` HaaSil huwaa ho gaa. mujh` ko
tawaqqo hai keh aglee qist^ se is meN mazeed iZ^aafah ho gaa.
yaar zindah, SuHbat baaqee!
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