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Nikaat-e-SuKhan #9:
Nikaat-e-SuKhan # 9

9.1: Ibtidaa,iyah

zer-e-naz^ar maZ^zmoon meN :aazaad: shaa,iree se mut^laq koyee beHc naheeN kee jaaYe gee. paaband shaa,iree kee manZ^oomaat (Ghazal, naz^m, qaSeedah, qit^a', rubaa,ee waGhairah) ke har she'r ke donoN miSroN kaa ham-vazn honaa ek laazimee shart^ hai. vazn kee Ghair-maujoodagee meN yeh manz^oomaat aur kuch` bh`ale hee hoN, un kaa shumaar paaband shaa,iree meN mut^laq naheeN ho saktaa hai. ek miSre ke majmoo,ee vazn ko :beHr: kehte haiN aur beHr ke ajzaa yaa tukRon ko :arkaan: yaa :afaa,eel: kaa naam diyaa gayaa hai. Nikaat-e-SuKhan kee pich`lee iqsaat^ meN afaa,eel par mufaSSil beHc ho chukee hai. afaa,eel ta'daad meN aaTh (8) haiN:

(1) faa-i-laa-tun (2) mu-ta-faa-i-lun (3) mus-taf-i-lun
(4) mu-faa-ee-lun (5) mu-faa-i-la-tun (6) maf-oo-laat
(7) faa-i-lun (8) fa-oo-lun

in saalim afaa,eel ke ziHaafaat (modified forms), in ke istamaal se shakl-paZeer hone vaalee buHoor vaGhairah kaa is se qabl mufaSSil Zikr ho chukaa hai. she'r ke ajzaa ko alag alag kar ke un ko parakh`ne aur un kee darjah-bandee neez buHoor ko jaaNchne aur parakh`ne kaa amal :taqt^ee': kehlaataa hai. har fan kee t^araH taqt^ee' ke bh`ee uSool aur sharaa,it haiN jin par amal Z^arooree hai. zer-e-naz^ar maZ^moon meN chand aise uSool par beHc maqSood hai jin kee t^araf aam t^aur par dh`yaan naheeN diyaa jaataa hai aur jin se daanistah yaa naa-daanistah roo-gardaanee nah Sirf aasaan hai bal.k Ghalat^ee kaa baa,ic bh`ee ho saktee hai. yahaaN Urdu me muKhtalif Huroof-e-tahajjee kee shakloN, aavaazoN aur istamaal kaa Zikr aur tajziyah kiyaa jaaYe gaa aur un kee taqt^ee' ke uSool micaaloN ke saath` waaZ^eH kiYe jaaYeN ge.

9.2: Huroof kee iqsaam

Urdu teHreer meN Huroof-e-tahajjee (alphabet) kee taqseem un kee adaa,igee ke t^areeqeh kee bunyaad par kee jaatee hai aur isee ko taqt^ee' meN bh`ee istamaal kiyaa jaataa hai. Huroof do (2) qism ke hote haiN:

(a) mutaHarrik: ya'nee voh Huroof jin kee adaa,igee kisee Harakat (zabar, zer, pesh vaGhaira) se kee jaaYe.

(b) saakin: ya'nee voh Huroof jo Ghair-mutaHarrik haiN. in ke oopar kabh`ee kabh`ee :jazm: kaa nishaan lagaa diyaa jaataa hai. micaal ke t^aur par lafz :ulfat: meN :laam: aur :te: saakin haiN aur baaqee sab Huroof mutaHarrik haiN.

ashaar kee taqt^ee' ke Hawaaleh se Huroof kee taqseem kaa ek aur t^areeqah qaabil-e-Zikr hai. is taqseem ke mut^aabiq bh`ee Huroof do (2) qism ke hote haiN:

(a) malfooz^ee: ya'nee aise Huroof jin kee aavaaz un kee adaa,igee meN Saaf z^aahir hotee hai. macala lafz^ :ulfat: kaa har Harf (alif, laam, fey, tey) bolne meN adaa kiyaa jaataa hai, chunaan.ch yeh Huroof :malfooz^ee: haiN.

(b) maktoobee: ya'nee voh Huroof jo likh`e to jaate haiN lekin bolne meN zabaan se adaa naheeN kiYe jaate haiN. macala lafz^ :b.ilkul: likh`aa to :baalkul: (bey, alif, laam, kaaf, laam) jaataa hai lekin us kee adaa,igee meN alif mut^laq zaban se naheeN kahaa jaataa hai. isee
t^arah ham likh`te :Khooshee: (Khe, vav, sheen, ye) haiN aur paRh`te :Khushee: haiN jaise :vav: maujood hee nah ho aur :Khe: par pesh ho. in micaaloN meN :alif: aur :vav: maktoobee Huroof haiN. jaisaa keh aage Zikr aaYe gaa, taqt^ee' meN Sirf Huroof-e-malfooz^ee shumaar kiYe jaate
haiN aur maktoobee Huroof naz^ar-andaaz kar diYe jaate haiN. chunaan.ch :fil-Haqeeqat: (fey, ye, alif, laam, Hey, qaaf, ye, qaaf, te) kee pehlee :ye: aur :alif-laam: ko shumaar naheeN karte haiN. tafSeel aage aa rahee hai.

9.3: muKhtalif Huroof aur un kee taqt^ee' ke uSool

ab chand Huroof ke istamaal kee baareekiyaaN aur taqt^ee' meN un ko shumaar karne yaa nah karne ke qavaa,id bayaan kiYe jaate haiN.

9.3.1: Huroof-e-illat (vowels): Urdu meN teen (3) Huroof-e-illat haiN.(alif, waw, ye). yeh jab is t^araH istamaal hoN keh in kee aavaaz Zaraa dab kar nikle aur pooree t^araH adaa nah ho to in ko taqt^ee' meN shumaar naheeN kiyaa jaataa hai. macala :jo (jeem, vav), ke (kaaf, baRee Ye), ne (noon, baRee Ye), se (seen, baRee Ye), hee (hey, ch`oTee ye) ko is t^araH adaa kiyaa jaa saktaa hai: jaise :jeem: ke oopar pesh, aur :kaaf, noon, seen, hey: ke neeche zer hoN. micaal ke liYe yeh she'r dekh`iYe:

ham ne maanaa keh taGhaaful nah karo ge lekin
Khaak ho jaayeN ge ham tum ko Khabar hone tak (Ghalib)

iss kee taqt^ee' meN :ne: ko yooN adaa kareN ge jaise :noon: par zer hai. chunaan.ch taqt^ee' yooN ho gee:

faa-i-laa-tun; fa-i-laa-tun; fa-i-laa-tun; fa-lun

ham n< maanaa; keh ta-Ghaaful; n> karo ge; le kin

(yahaan se muraad noon paer zabar hai. pesh ke liye ^ istamaal kiyaa jaa saktaa hai.)

lekin agar Huroof-e-illat Saaf aur z^aahir t^aur par bole jaayeN to un ko taqt^ee' meN shumaar kiyaa jaaYe gaa aur un ke liYe afaa,eel meN ek aavaaz muKhtaS kee jaaYe gee, macala:

us ne kahaa too kaun hai maiN ne kahaa shaidaa tiraa

mus-taf-i-lun; mus-taf-i-lun; mus-taf-i-lun; mus-taf-i-lun
us ne kahaa; too kaun hai; maiN ne kahaa; shaidaa tiraa

dekh`iyY keh yahaaN :ne: ke liYe :taf: kee aavaaz muKhtaS kar dee gayee hai.

9.3.2: Harf :hey: kee taqt^ee' : Urdu meN do (2) t^araH kee :hey: musta'mil hai.

(a) haaYe-maKhloot^: pehlee qism kee :hey: ko haaYe-.maKhloot^ (=milee julee) kehte haiN aur yeh :do-chashmee hey: bh`ee kehlaatee hai. yeh :hey: lafz^ ke shuroo yaa aaKhir meN aatee hai aur doosre Huroof ke saath` milaa kar paRhee jaatee hai. macala :gh`ar, bh`arna, aaNkh`:.

taqt^ee' meN haaYe-.maKhloot^ shumaar naheeN hotee hai kyoN keh is kee koyee alag aavaaz naheeN hai. chunaan.ch jahaaN tak taqt^ee' kaa ta,alluq hai :gh`ar: aur :gar:, :sadh`aa: (=trained) aur :sadaa: (=hamesha) meN koyee farq naheeN hai. micaal dekh`iYe:

is gh`ar ko aag lag gayee gh`ar ke chiraaGh se

mus-taf-i-lun; mu-faa-i-lun; mus-taf-i-lun; fa-ul
is gh`ar ko aa; g lag gayee; gh`ar ke chiraa; Gh se

(b) haaYe-Khafee (=ch`upee huyee): doosree qism kee :hey: voh hai jo umooma alfaaz^ kee Harakat (zer, zabar, pesh) z^aahir karne ke liYe istamaal kee jaatee hai. micaal ke t^aur par :yeh, voh, peh, pardah: vaGhaira meN jo :hey: likh`ee gayee hai. is ko taqt^ee' meN aam t^aur
par shumaar naheeN karte haiN:

yeh nah th`ee hamaaree qismat keh visaal-e-yaar hotaa

iss miSre meN :nah: aur :keh: kee :hey: baat vaazeH karne ke liYe likh` dee gayee hai. lekin bolne meN is ko adaa naheeN kiyaa jaataa hai. is miSre kee taqt^ee' yooN ho gee:

fa-i-laat; faa-i-laa-tun; fa-i-laat; faa-i-laa-tun
ye na th`ee ha; maaree qismat; k visaal e; yaar hotaa

lekin kabhee kabhee haaYe-Khafee bolne meN Saaf Saaf adaa kee jaatee hai. aisee Soorat meN is ko taqt^ee' meN le liyaa jaataa hai:

haaYe Seemab us kee majbooree
jis ne kee ho shabaab meN taubah (Seemab Akbarabadee)

is kee taqt^ee' is t^araH ho gee:

faa-i-laa-tun; mu-faa-i-lun; fa-lun
haaYe Seema; b us kee maj; booree
jis ne kee ho; shabaab meN; taubah

:hey: kee taqt^ee' kee ek aur micaal ek Farsi miSre ke Zari,eh se dee jaatee hai. uSool yeh hai keh jo :hey: kisee lafz^ ke aaKhir meN aaYe aur us ke pehle vaale Harf par Harakat (zer, zabar, pesh) ho to voh taqt^ee' meN shumaar ho gee, varnah naheeN. micaal ke t^aur per yeh miSra dekh`iYe:

KhaNdah cheh kunee bah giryah-e-man
(too mere rone per kyaa haNstaa hai)

yahaaN :cheh:, :bah: aur :giryah: ke aaKhir meiN :hey: likh` dee gayee hai jo umooma zaban se adaa naheeN kee jaatee hai, taa.k baat Saaf ho jaaYe. taqt^ee' is t^araH hai:

maf-ool; mu-faa-i-lun; fa-oo-lun
Khandah che; kunee ba gir; ya e man

Dekh`iYe keh :Khandah: kee :hey: ko taqt^ee' meN shaamil kiyaa gayaa hai jab.k :cheh: aur :bah: kee :hey: ko naheeN kiyaa gayaa hai.

9.3.3: waw-e-ma'doolah: aisee :waw: jo likh`ee to jaaYe lekin paRhee na jaaYe :waw-e-ma'doola: kehlaatee hai. macala :Khoodee, Khoosh, Khwaish, Khwaab: likh`te haiN aur
:Khudee, Khush, Khaish, Khaab: paRhte haiN goyaa :vav: ko talaffuz meN naz^r-andaaz kar dete haiN. aisee :vav: taqt^ee' meN naheeN lee jaatee hai. micaal dekh`iYe:

Khoodee ko kar baland itnaa keh har taqdeer se pehle
Khudaa baNdeh se Khood pooch`e, bataa teree raZ^aa kyaa hai (Iqbal)

mu-faa-ee-lun; mu-faa-ee-lun; mu-faa-ee-lun; mu-faa-ee-lun
Khudee ko kar; balaNd.it naa; keh har taqdee; r se pehle
Khudaa baNde; se Khud pooch`e; bataa teree; raZ^aa kyaa hai

9.3.4: vav-e-dammah: aisee :vav: jis se pehle waale Harf par pesh ho jis kee vajh se :vav: kee aavaaz Saaf sunaayee nah de :vav-e-dammah: kehlaatee hai aur taqt^ee' meN naheeN
lee jaatee hai. micaal pesh-e-Khidmat hai:

shaah-e-do-saraa maalik-e-kaunain vohee hai

maf-ool; mu-faa-eel; mu-faa-eel; fa-oo-lan
shaah e du; saraa maali; k e kaunain; vohee hai

9.3.5: vav-e-at^f aur vav-e-malfooz^ee: voh :vav: jo do alfaaz^ ko milaane ke liYe istamaal kee jaaYe :vav-e-at^f: kehlaatee hai aur agar is se pehle aane vaale Harf par halke se :pesh: kee aavaaz adaa ho to aisee vav ko taqt^ee meN naheeN lete haiN:

ranj-o-Gham itne paRe mujh` par keh aadee ho gayaa

faa-i-laa-tun; faa-i-laa-tun; faa-i-laa-tun; faa-i-lun
ranj u Gaham it; ne paRe mujh`; par k aadee; ho gayaa

aisaa :vav: jo Zaraa kh`eeNch kar paRhaa jaataa hai :vav-e-malfooz^ee: kehlaataa hai aur taqt^ee' meN shumaar kiyaa jaataa hai:

rau meN hai raKhsh-e-umr kahaaN dekh`iYe th`ame (Ghalib)

maf-ool; faa-i-laat; mu-faa-eel; faa-i-lun
rau men hai; raKhsh e umr; kahaaN dekh`I; ye th`ame

isee t^araH lafz^ :aur: kee :vav: akcar giraa dee jaatee hai aur us ko :or: yaa :ur: paRhh jaataa hai. taqt^ee' meN aisee :vav: ko bh`ee isee t^araH shumaar kiyaa jaataa hai:
aur kabh`ee gul bh`ee mujh`e Khaar naz^ar aataa hai

fa-i-laa-tun; fa-i-laa-tun; fa-i-laa-tun; fa-lun

or kabh`ee gul; bhi mujh`e Khaa; r naz^ar aa; taa hai

lekin agar :aur: kaa :vav: kh`eeNch kar pooraa adaa kiyaa jaaYe to us ko taqt^ee' meN yooN lete haiN:

ab karam hai nah jaur kyaa kahiYe
apnee qismat hai aur kyaa kahiYe

faa-i-laa-tun; mu-faa-i-lun; fa-lun
ab karam hai; na jaur kyaa; kahiYe
apnee qisamt; hai aur kyaa; kahiYe
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yaar zindah, SuHbat baaqee!