Urdu shaa,i'ree meN Sautee Qaafiye

Urdu shaai'ree meN Saut^ee qaafiYe


Sarwar A. Raz



(A) Tamheed

Urdu meN ba'Z^ Huroof aise haiN jin kee a'am adaa,igee kam-o-besh yaksaaN hai. in ko :qareeb-ul-maKhraj: kahaa jaataa hai, ya'nee aise Huroof jin ko adaa karte huwe ham zabaan aur laboN ko taqreeba" ek see Harakat dete haiN. in Huroof meN se kuch` to aise haiN jin kee adaa,igee fit^ree t^aur se taqreeba" yaksaaN hai aur kuch` aise bh`ee haiN jin ko kisee qadar mubaaliGhe ke saath` hee :qareeb-ul-maKhraj: kahaa jaa saktaa hai. macala" :alif: (baad) aur :a'in: (ba'd) kee aawaaz meN u'mooma" koyee farq naheeN kiyaa jaataa hai, lekin :re: (karnaa) aur :Re: (sukaRnaa) kee aawaazoN ko qadre takalluf ke saath` hee :qareeb-ul-maKhraj: keh sakte haiN. in ham-aawaaz Huroof se tashkeel diYe huwe qaafiyoN ko :Sautee Qaafiye: kahaa jaataa hai.

jadeed (ya�nee aaj kal kee) Urdu shaai�ree meN Sautee qawaafee kabh`ee kabh`ee dekh`ne meN aa jaate haiN. ba-yak-naz^ar asaatiZah ke kalaam meN in kaa fuqdaan naz^ar aataa hai. woh SoorateN jo un ke yahaaN Khaal-Khaal naz^ar aa bh`ee jaatee haiN apnaa jawaaz rakh`tee haiN. is ijmaal kee tafSeel aage aaYe gee.

yahaaN agar Saut^ee qaafiyeh kee kuch` bunyaadee tafSeel bayaan kar dee jaaYe to naa-munaasib naheeN ho gaa. is se nah Sirf nafs-e-maZ^moon waaZ^iH ho jaaYe gaa bal.k un logoN ko bh`ee faa,idah ho saktaa hai jo is iStilaaH se achh`ee t^araH waaqif naheeN haiN.

Urdu ke bunyaadee untees (29) Huroof-e-hijaa (alphabet) Arabee zabaan se musta,a'ar haiN. ahl-e-Farsee ne in Huroof meN paaNch (5) naye Huroof [pey, chey, gaaf, baRee ye, zhe (rey par teen nuqtoN waalee!)] kaa iZ^aafah kar ke inheN apne ista'maal ke laa,iq banaayaa. ahl-e-Hind ne in meN teen naYe Huroof :Tey (khaTTaa), Daal (Daak), Rey (uRaan): kaa iZ^aafah kiYaa aur us ke ba'd 15 mazeed murakkab Huroof (bh`, ph`, th`, Th`, jh`, ch`, dh`, Dh`, kh`, gh`, rh` Rh`, lh`, mh`, nh`) aise shaamil kiYe jo maqaamee zabaanoN kaa HiSSah th`e aur jin kee madad se Urdu bohat see aisee aawaazoN kee adaa,igee par qaadir ho gayee jo in ke baGhair naa-mumkin hote. is t^arah Urdu meN baawan (52) Huroof-e-hijaa maujood haiN. in kee tafSeel aap isee :site: par maZ^ameen ke baab meN maujood mere maqaaleh :Roman Urdu kaa ek Jaame' Niz^aam: meN dekh` sakte haiN.

har-chand keh Arabee aur Farsee se liYe gaye Huroof kaa talaffuz^ in zabaanoN meN munfarid hai, Urdu meN yeh imtiyaaz hameshah hee qaa,im naheeN rakh`aa gayaa hai aur bolne aur paRh`ne meN kayee Huroof kee adaa,igee kam-o-besh ek see hee hotee hai. chunaan.ch ab darj-e-zel Huroof apnee adaa,igee meN taqreeba" yaksaaN haiN aur isee liYe ham-Saut^ (ek see aawaaz waale) yaa qareeb-ul-maKhaarij kehlaate haiN:

(1) alif (alam = raNj) , a'in (a'lam = jh`anDaa)

(2) tey (raat), t^oe (iHtiyaat^). yahaaN murakkab Harf :th`: (tey do chashmee hey: haath`) ko bh`ee shaamil kar sakte haiN kyoN.k ba'Z maqaamaat par is kaa talaffuz^ :tey: kee t^araH hee kiyaa jaataa hai.

(3) cey (kaceer = ziyaadah), seen (akseer = kaar-aamad), Swaad (taSweer), sheen (sheer = doodh`)

(4) Zaal (laZZat), ze (i'zzat, gulzaar), Z^waad (HaZ^rat), z^oe (iz^haar)

(5) re (shajar), Re (pakaR)

(6) pe (aap), be (aab)

(7) ch`oTee he (gunaah), baRee He (mubaaH)

(8) kaaf (Ghamnaak), gaaf (aag), qaaf (firaaq)

sawaal yeh hai keh �kyaa ham-Saut^ alfaaz ko shaai'ree meN ham-qaafiyah baaNdh`aa jaa saktaa hai?�

macala": kyaa darj-e-zel alfaaz^ kisee Ghazal yaa naz^m meN qawaafee kee Haiciyyat se ista'maal ho sakte haiN?

ba'd (=after), baad (=hawaa)

raat (=shab), saath` (=qurbat), iHtiyaat^

faa,iz (=kaamyaab), a'ariZ^ (=ruKhsaar), Haafiz^ (=nigah-baan), a'a,iZ (panaah lene waalaa)

aas(=ummeed), KhaaS (=proper), meeraac (=wirceh meN milne waalee cheez)

sipaah (=fauj), mubaaH (=qaabil-e-qubool)

tap (=buKhaar), tab (=is ke ba'd)

chaar, ukh`aaR

(B) TafSeelaat

is sawaal par kayee muKhtalif pehlu,oN se beHc ho saktee hai:

(1) Urdu ke i'lm-e-qaafiyah ke uSool dekh`e jaaYeN keh woh aise qawaafee kee ijaazat dete haiN keh naheeN. in kee raushanee meN qadeem sho,a'raa ke kalaam kaa jaa,izah liyaa jaa saktaa hai.

(2) hamaare qareeb ke daur ke asaatiZah ke kalaam kaa ba-Ghaur mut^aali,a'h kiyaa jaaYe aur dekh`aa jaaYe keh un kaa mauqif kyaa hai. agar unhoN ne :Sautee qaafiye: ista'maal kiYe haiN to in ko kis Had tak aur kis t^araH baaNdhaa gayaa hai.

(3) jadeed, ya'nee aaj kal kee, shaai'ree ko bunyaad banaa kar dekh`eN keh aise qawaafee kitne a'am haiN, kis paaYe ke shaai'r inheN ista'maal kar rahe haiN aur yeh Z^auq-e-saleem par kyaa acar ch`oRte haiN.

teHqeeq par in nikaat kee raushanee meN darj-e-Zel baateN naz^ar aatee haiN:

(1) I'lm-e-Qaafiyah

jahaaN tak Urdu ke i'lm-e-qaafiyah kaa ta,a'lluq hai us ke mut^aalie� se ma'loom hotaa hai keh u'lamaaYe-qaafiyah ne :Saut^ee qawaafee: naam kee koyee cheez apnee taSaaneef meN rakh`ee hee naheeN hai. is silsileh meN do mustanad kitaaboN kaa Hawaalah dilchaspee se Khaalee naheeN ho gaa.

(a) Shamsur Rahman Farooqui ne apnee kitaab :Dars-e-Balaaghat: meN qaafiyeh kee ta'reef karte huwe likh`aa hai keh "qaafiyeh kee shart^ yeh hai keh woh malfooZ^ee ho, ya'nee jab use likh`aa jaaYe to aawaaz ek hee t^araH kee nikle lekin lafz^ kee shakl th`oRee see muKhtalif ho. mazeed shart^ yeh hai keh shakl itnee muKhtalif nah ho keh woh Harf yaa Huroof jin par qaafiyeh kee bunyaad hai woh bh`ee muKhtalif ho jaaYeN. macala" :baadal: kaa qaafiyah :maqtal: to ho saktaa hai lekin :KhaaS: kaa qaafiyah :aas: yaa baat kaa qaafiyah :iHtiyaat^: naheeN ho saktaa."

yahaaN har-chand keh naam le kar :Sautee qaafiyeh: kaa Zikr naheeN kiyaa gayaa hai lekin dar-aSl baat us ke hee Hawaaleh se kahee gayee hai. is t^araH Sautee qaafiyeh kee woh Soorat jo zer-e-beHc hai naa-qaabil-e-qubool qaraar paatee hai.

(b) Maulana Najm-ul-Ghani kee mash,hoor-e-zamaanah kitaab :Behr-ul-Fasaahat: ke baab :I'lm-e-Qaafiyah: meN "Saut^ee qaafiyeh" yaa aise hee kisee doosre naam se qareeb-ul-maKhraj qaafiyoN kaa Zikr naheeN hai. albattah unhoN ne likh`aa hai keh ba'Z^ puraane shaa,i'roN ne aise qaafiye kaheeN kaheeN baaNdh`e haiN. unhoN ne is Soorat ko :bohat ma'yoob: kahaa hai. unhoN ne is a'ib kee chand micaaleN bh`ee dee haiN jo yahaaN aap kee dilchaspee ke liYe pesh kee jaatee haiN.

Sanam kaa ho agar.ch aahaneeN dil
pah a'ashiq kaa agar ho jaZb kaamil

woh aahan ko hai :b.iltaKhSeeS: kh`aiNche
ba-raNg-e-saNg-e-:maqnaat^ees: kh`ainch (Mir Ibrat)

din jo guZraa to yeh dh`aRkaa hai keh :shab: aatee hai
i'shq ke naam se ab to mujh`e :tap: aatee hai (Mir Hasan)

zameeN tak sar se jo shehre kaa :laR: th`aa
Khudaa ke noor kaa woh ik :shajar: th`aa (Figar)

us kee chashm-e-mast ne kyaa mujh` ko HairaaN kar diyaa
nargis! eedh`ar dekh`tee hai kyoN too aaNkh`eN :ph`aaR ph`aaR:

ai junooN! woh kyoN nah daamangeer ho teraa kabh`ee
haath` se tere ho gar jis kaa girebaaN :taar taar: (Turaab)

kisee haath` bandooq hai dar :sipaah:
zirah-posh kaa Khoon us par :mubaaH: (Rangeen)

in micaaloN ke ba'd Najm-ul-Ghanee SaaHeb likh`te haiN keh "--ahl-e-balaaGhat use (ya'nee aise qaafiyoN ke baaNdh`ne ko: Raz) ma'yoob jaante haiN. agar aisaa nah ho to :nikaaH aur gunaah; e'tiraaZ^ aur iHtiraaz; iltimaas aur iKhlaaS: keh ibtidaa meN sho,a'raa-e-Fars jama' karte th`e durust hote, magar durust naheeN. bal.k in kaa jama' karnaa a'ib-e-faaHish hai--."

goyaa agar puraane shaa,i'roN ke kalaam meN :Sautee qaafiye: kaheeN dikh`aayee de bh`ee jaaYeN to un ko :a'ib-e-faaHish: jaan kar naz^ar-andaaz kar denaa chaahiYe aur aisee bandish kee taqleed se mut^laq parhez karnaa chaahiYe.

(2) AsaatiZah kaa Kalaam

mashaa,heer aur asaatiZah (Mir, Ghalib, Momin, Iqbal, Firaq, Jigar waGhairah) ke kalaam meN talaash karne se yeh ma'loom hotaa hai keh un ke yahaaN :Saut^ee qaafiyah: mut^laq naa-paid hai. Ghalib ke yahaaN Sirf ek maqaam par darj-e-zel she'r miltaa hai jis meN :baat, haath`: qaafiye baaNdhe gaYe haiN:

Nusrat-ul-mulk bahaadur! mujh`e batlaa keh mujh`e
tujh` se jo itnee iraadat hai to kis :baat: se hai?

Khastagee kaa ho bh`alaa jis ke sabab se sar-e-dast
nisbat ik-goonah mire dil ko tire :haath`: se hai

lekin muKhtalif shwaahid se yeh z^aahir hai keh Ghalib ke zamaaneh meN :haath, haat: donoN hee talaffuz^ a'am th`e. agar meree yaad-daasht mujh` ko dh`okah naheeN de rahee hai to maiN ne Ghalib kee nacr meN bh`ee :haat: dekh`aa hai. is se yeh ma'loom huwaa keh unhoN ne :haat: ek :Saut^ee qaafiyah: kee t^araH naheeN ista'maal kiyaa hai bal.k yeh un ke zamaanah kaa Taksaalee aur a'am talaffuz^ th`aa jis ke ista'maal meN koyee qabaaHat naheeN th`ee. mumkin hai keh DhooNDne se un ke ma,a'aSireen ke kalaam meN bh`ee yeh lafz^ mil jaaYe.

(2) "Jadeed" Shaai'r

is teHqeeq ke dauraan, bilaa-mubaaliGhah, darjanoN :naye: shoa'raa kee saikaRoN Ghazaliyaat dekh`ee gayee haiN. mujh` ko shaaZ-o-naadir hee :Saut^ee qaafiyah: kaa ista'maal naz^ar aayaa hai. chand micaaleN darj-e-zel haiN:

(a) Mahboob Raahee:

ooNgh`ate din, cheeKhtee :raatoN: se bachnaa chaahiYe
waqt kee be-kaif :sauGhaatoN: se bachnaa chaahiYe

mulk-o-millat kee unheeN haath`oN meN hai ab baag-Dor
mulk aur millat ko jin :haatoN: se bachnaa chaahiYe

(b) Shaaheen:

be-ta,a'lluqee chaahooN ph`ir bh`ee :baat: aa jaaYe
taZkirah ho daftar kaa :Zaatiyaat: aa jaaYe

adh`-kh`ule dareechoN meN ph`ool kh`il gaYe hoN ge
ab miree Khabar dene koyee :saath`: aa jaaYe

ik tanaa,o rehtaa hai, ik kashish bh`ee rehtee hai
jaZb-e-dil meN jab laazim :iHtiyaat^: aa jaaYe

(c) Ghulam Murtaza Raahee:

yeh waqt kaa :iltifaat: kitnaa
miltaa hai yeh :taa-Hayaat: kitnaa

takmeel ke ba'd pooch`te ho
kis kaa th`aa hunar meN :haat: kitnaa

(d) Sakeena PinhaaN:

maiN ik naasoor hooN jo :naamiyaatee: ho gayaa hai
miraa dukh` baRh`te baRh`te :kaa,inaatee: ho gayaa hai

a'yaaN jab se huYe haiN raaz-haaYe-zindagee :PinhaaN:
miraa dil Khud Khushee se Gham kaa :saath`ee: ho gayaa hai

ham sab jaante haiN keh aaj kal naYe shoa'raa meN puraanee riwaayaat kaa iHtiraam-o-iltizaam kam kam hee hai. beshtar to un se mut^laq naa-waaqif haiN aur jo waaqif bh`ee haiN woh un ko qaabil-e-e'tinaa naheeN gardaante haiN aur apnee shaai'ree meN :ijtihaad: ke qaa,il haiN!

yeh to yaqeena" Z^arooree naheeN hai keh in riwaayaat ko ba-har-Haal maanaa hee jaaYe aur is t^araH nayee soch ke darwaaze band rakh`e jaaYeN. shaai'ree to ek fan (art) hai aur is meN riyaaZ^ee (mathematics) kee t^araH ke be-lachak uSool naheeN lagaaYe jaa sakte haiN. ijtihaad aur nayee fikr agar Khatm kar diYe jaaYeN to shaa'iree be-jaan ho kar reh jaaYe gee. albattah yeh Z^arooree hai keh in riwaayaat aur qawaaneen se inHiraaf kar ke jo bh`ee :ijtihaad: kiyaa jaaYe voh kisee mant^iqee aur sanjeedah fikree bunyaad par qaa,im ho aur us ke peech`e teHqeeq aur mut^aalia' kee sanad bh`ee ho. aisaa naheeN ho gaa to shaai'ree ek khilonaa ho kar reh jaaYe gee jis se har kas-o-naakas :khilwaaR: kartaa rahe gaa.

(C) IKhtitaamiyah

oopar kee guftgoo se ma'loom hotaa hai keh chand puraane shaa,i'roN ke i'laawah mashaa,heer aur asaatiZah ne :Sautee qaafiYe: ista'maal naheeN kiYe haiN. maujoodah daur ke shaa,i'roN meN Sautee qaafiYe nisbata" ziyaadah naz^ar aa jaate haiN. lekin jadeed shaa,i'roN kee darj-e-baalaa micaaleN aisee naheeN haiN jin ko :sanad: ke t^aur par ista'maal kar ke :Sautee qawaafee: ke ista'maal ko a'am samajh` liyaa jaaYe aur un ko mustaHsin bh`ee jaanaa jaaYe. yeh ek Had tak shaKhSee faiSilah hai. mumkin hai keh kisee aur ko yeh asha'ar nihaayat aa'laa darjeh ke ma'loom hoN jab.k meree raaYe muKhtalif hai! kam se kam maiN in asha'ar (yaa aise hee doosre asha'ar) kee taqleed meN :Sautee qaafiyeh: ko apne liYe rawaa naheeN rakh` saktaa hooN. aap apnee marZ^ee ke Khud muKhtaar haiN.

t^ai kar chukaa hooN raah-e-muHabbat ke marHale
is se ziyaadah Haajat-e-sharH-o-bayaaN naheeN! (Raz Chandpuri)
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