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Urdu Taraakeeb kee Jins
Urdu taraakeeb kee jins

Sarwar Alam Raz Sarwar


Kuch` arSeh qabl internet kee ek meHfil meN yeh intihaayee dilchasp sawaal uThaayaa gayaa th`aa keh Urdu meN muKhtalif taraakeeb kee jins (gender) kin uSooloN par mabnee hai? macala darj-e-Zel taraakeeb dekh`iYe:

Sabr-o-taab: Sabr muZakkar hai aur tab mu,annac
roz-o-shab: roz muZakkar hai aur shab mu,aanac
zameen-o-aasmaan: zameen mu,annac hai aur aasmaan muZakkar

sawaal yeh hai keh aisee taraakeeb ko muZakkar baaNdh`aa jaaYe yaa mu,annac? Aur agar donoN t^araH se baaNdh`aa jaa saktaa hai to woh kaun se maHalle-e-istamaal haiN jahaaN aisaa karnaa chaahiYe?

Urdu zabaan Farsee, Arabee, Turkee, Sanskrit aur Hind-o-Pak kee muKhtalif maqaamee zabaanoN ke baahamee ta,aamul (interaction) se banee hai. aam bol-chaal kee Urdu aur Hindi meN koyee numaayaaN farq naheeN hai. albattah adabee Urdu aur adabee Hindi do b.ilkul hee muKhtalif zabaaneN haiN. jahaaN adabee Urdu par Farsee kaa bohat acar hai waheeN adabee Hindi par Sanskrit Haawee hai. Urdu kee adabee aur sheree taraakeeb ziyaadah-tar Farsee ke uSooloN par mabnee haiN aur umooma Farsee aur Arabee ke alfaaz^ ko :kasrah-e-iZ^aafat: (iZ^aafat waale zer) yaa :waw-e-at^f: (do alfaaz^ ko baaham joRne waale waw) se banaayee jaatee haiN. z^aahir hai keh in taraakeeb ke tashkeelee alfaaz^ yaa to muZakkar hoN ge yaa ph`ir mu,annac. Khud taraakeeb bh`ee waaHid yaa jama ho saktee haiN.

Hamaaree teHqeeq kaa maqSad is sawaal kaa jawaab denaa hai keh Urdu meN adabee aur sheree taraakeeb kin uSooloN par banaayee jaatee haiN yaa aisaa koyee uSool hai bh`ee keh naheeN? SaHeeH taraakeeb kaa istamaal shaa,iree meN KhaaS t^aur se bohat ahmiyyat kaa Haamil hai kyoN.k ash,aar kaa Husn akcar-o-beshtar taraakeeeb ke maahiraanah istamaal par munHaSir hotaa hai.

Urdu taraakeeb kee jins kaa mas,alah kuch` ziyaadah hee uljh`aa huwaa hai kyoN.k Urdu Sarf-o-NeHv (qawaa,id) Farsee. Arabee aur maqaamee zabaanoN ke qawaa,id kaa :malGhoobah: yaa :kh`ichRee: hai. mazeed yeh keh har jagah in uSooloN kee paabandee baa-qaa,idagee se yaksaaN naz^ar naheeN aatee hai. Urdu Sarf-o-NaHv (qawaa,id) meN shaayad hee koyee aisaa qaanoon yaa uSool ho jis ko isticnaayee SoorateN (exceptions) uljh`aa nah detee hoN. Maulvi Abdul Haq SaaHeb ne apnee kitaab Urdu Sarf-o-NeHv meN aisee sab SooratoN kaa ba-Khoobee iHaatah kiyaa hai. Urdu meN alfaaz^ kee jins ke Hawaaleh se be-uSoolee (arbitrariness) kee be-shumaar micaaleN miltee haiN. neeche diyaa huwaa naqsha dekh`iYe:

mu,annac: aaNkh, uNglee, zabaan, sabzee, moolee, khetee, cycle, maaNg
muZakkar: kaan, haath, daaNt, phal, saNgtraa, khet, taaNgaa, sindoor

dekh`iYe yahaaN :aaNkh`: mu,annac hai aur us kaa ham-saayah :kaan; muZakkar! :uNglee: mu,annac hai aur jis se woh juRee huwee hai yanee :haath: muZakkar! :maaNg: mu,annac hai aur us ko sajaane waalee cheez :sindoor: muZakkar! aisaa hee doosre alfaaz^ kaa Haal hai. goyaa yahaaN koyee qaa,idah kaar-farmaa naz^ar naheeN aataa hai siwaaYe is ke keh aam dastoor aur istamaal aisaa hee hai!

isee t^araH ham roz-marrah kee guftgoo meN bolte haiN keh:

aab-o-daanaah uTh` gayaa hai aab-o-taab jaatee rahee
deen-o-dunyaa Kharaab ho gaYe roz-o-shab guzarte haiN
adab-o-tameez uTh` gayee hai koyee yaar-o-madadgaar naheeN hai
ashk-e-Gham jaaree hai ashk-e-Gham jaaree haiN

yahaaN bh`ee vohee be-uSoolee kee Soorat (arbitrariness) naz^ar aatee hai. :aab aur daanah: do alfaaz^ haiN lekin in kaa murakkab jama likh`aa gayaa hai. yehee Haal :adab-o-tameez: aur :yaar-o-madadgaar: kaa hai. lekin :deen-o-dunyaa: aur :roz-o-shab: ko jama likh`te haiN. :ashk: waaHid lafz^ hai lekin ham :ashk-e-Gham: ko waaHid aur jama donoN t^araH se baaNdh`te haiN. itnaa to z^aahir hai keh taraakeeb kee tashkeel meN koyee waaZ^eH uSool kaar-farmaa naz^ar naheeN aataa hai.

is mas,aleh ko behtar t^aur se samajh`ne ke liYe asaatiZah kaa kalaam dekh`aa jaa saktaa hai. yanee yeh mumkin hai keh agar taraakeeb kee jins qaa,im karne ke kuch` uSool haiN to woh asaatiZah ke kalaam ke mut^aali,e se maloom ho jaaYeN. America meN wasaa,il kee bohat kamee hai. ph`ir bh`ee jo kitaabeN aur risaale mayassar aaYe haiN un ke ba-Ghaur mut^aali,eh ke bad asaatiZah ke kalaam se muntaKhib micaaleN yahaaN pesh kee jaa rahee haiN.

z^aahir hai keh kisee tarkeeb ke tashkeelee alfaaz^ yaa to muZakkar hoN ge yaa muannac. isee t^araH Khud tarkeeb bh`ee vaaHid yaa jama' ho saktee hai. is bunyaad par darj-e-Zel naqshe banaaYe jaa sakte haiN:

(1) muZakkar/muZakkar/waaHid
(2) muZakkar/muZakkar/jama'
(3) mu,annac/mu,annac/vaaHid
(4) mu,anaac/mu,annac/jama'
(5) muZakkar/mu,annac/vaaHid
(6) muZakkar/mu,annac/jama'
(7) mu,annac/muZakkar/waaHid
(8) mu,annac/muZakkar/jama

muZakkar/muZakkar/waaHid se taraakeeb kaa who naqshah muraad hai jis meN donoN tashkeelee alfaaz^ to muZakkar hoN aur un se banee huyee tarkeeb waaHid ho. isee par doosre naqshoN ko qiyaas kiyaa jaa saktaa hai.

ab in naqshoN ke mutaabiq asaatiZah ke kalaam se liYe gaYe ash,aar kee micaaleN dekh`iYe. muta,alliqah taraakeeb ko ---- se muqai,yyad kar diyaa gayaa hai taa.k shinaaKht meN aasaanee ho :

(1) muZakkar/muZakkar/waaHid:

nah mere zikr meN hai soofiyoN kaa soz-o-suroor
nah meraa fikr hai paimaanah-e-cavaab-o-azaab (Iqbal)

kacrat-e-sajdah se who naqsh-e-qadam
kaheeN paamaal-e-sar nah ho jaaYe (Momin)

Sad-saalah daur-e-charKh th`aa saaGhar kaa ek daur
nikle jo maikadeh se to dunyaa badal gayee (Gustakh Rampuri)

payaam sajdeh kaa yeh zer-o-bam huwaa mujh` ko
jahaaN tamaam savaad-e-Haram huwaa mujh` ko (Iqbal)

saNbh`alne de mujh`e ai naa-umeedee! kyaa qiyaamat hai?
keh daamaan-e-Khayaal-e-yaar ch`ooTaa jaaYe hai mujh` se (Ghalib)

in ash,aar kee taraakeeb ke tashkeelee alfaaz^ :soz, suroor, naqsh, qadam, daur, charKh, zer, bam, daamaan, Khayaal-e-yaar: sab muZakkar haiN jab.k sab taraakeeb waaHid baaNdh`ee gayee haiN. Momin, Gustakh aur Ghalib ke ash,aar kee taraakeeb kasrah-e-iZ^aafat ke istamaal se banee haiN aur in ke mu,accir alfaaz^ [yanee woh alfaaz^ jin se taraakeeb maroof (defined) hotee haiN] :naqsh, daur, daamaan: muZakkar haiN. is liYe tarkeeb kaa bh`ee muZakkar honaa ek fit^ree amr hai. Iqbal ke donoN ash,aar meN taraakeeb :waw-e-at^f: ke istamaal se banee haiN. :soz-o-suroor: aur :zer-o-bam: donoN hee jama kee SoorateN haiN lekin waaHid baaNdh`ee gayee haiN. kyaa ham is se yeh nateejah nikaal sakte haiN keh:

(1) agar tarkeeb kasrah-e-iZ^aafat ke saath banee ho aur us kaa mua,ccir lafz^ jis se woh maroof (defined) hotee hai waaHid ho to tarkeeb ko bh`ee waaHid likh`aa jaaYe gaa.

(2) agar tarkeeb waw-e-at^f se banaayee gayee hai aur is ke tashkeelee alfaaz ek hee Haal yaa kaifiyyat ke muKhtalif pehloo bayaan karte hoN (soz-o-suroor, zer-o-bam, gird-o-pesh) to tarkeeb ko waaHid baaNdh`aa jaaYe gaa.

ba-z^aahir yeh baat maqool aur munaasib maloom hotee hai. lekin doosre naqshoN kee micaaleN dekh`iYe to kuch` aur hee manz^ar naz^ar aataa hai. yeh micaaleN dekhiYe:

(2) muZakkar/muZakkar/jama'

hazaroN laalah-o-gul haiN riyaaz^-e-hastee meN
vafaa kee jis meN ho boo, voh kalee naheeN miltee (Iqbal)

faSl-e-gul aayee wohee t^auq-o-salaasil aaYe
ph`ir baras-roz ke rakkh`e huwe zewar nikle (Banwari Lal Shola)

raNj-o-Gham hijr ke guZar bh`ee gaYe
ab to woh dh`yaan se utar bh`ee gaYe (Sahar)

hai shikast-anjaam Ghuncheh kaa suboo gulzaar meN
sabza-o-gul bh`ee haiN majboor-e-numoo gulzaar meN (Iqbal)

paTkee jo kaheeN haath` se shab us ne gulaabee
majlis meN huYe sheeshah-e-dil choor bohat se (Mushafee)

Iqbal aur Shola ke ash,aar meN waw-e-at^f istamaal kee gayee hai aur tarkeeb ke tashkeelee alfaaz^ ek hee kaifiyyat ke muKhtalif pehloo bayaan kar rahe haiN. micaal ke t^aur par :laalah-o-gul: se muraad gulshan-e-hastee kee har KhoobSoorat cheez hai. isee t^araH :t^auq-o-salaasil: se :qaid, paabandee, giriftaaree: kaa isti,aarah maqSood hai. lihaazah donoN taraakeeb ek alaamatee weHdat haiN jo muta,addid kaifiyatoN kee akaas haiN aur is liYe in ko jama baaNdh`aa gayaa hai. ilaawah-az-eeN :laalah-o-gul, t^auq-o-salaasil, sabzah-o-gul: sab maryee cheezeN haiN jin ko insaan apne Hawaas-e-Khamsah se pehchaan saktaa hai. to kyaa ham keh sakte haiN keh agar tarkeeb ke tashkeelee alfaaz^ kisee maryee cheez ke muKhtalif pehloo bayaan kareN to us tarkeeb ko jama baaNdh`naa chaahiYe?

lekin yeh baat bh`ee SaHeeH naheeN maloom hotee hai kyoN.k Sahar ke sher meN :raNj-o-Gham: ko jama baaNdh`aa gayaa hai jab.k who Ghair-maryee haiN har-chand keh woh ek hee jaZbeh kee muKhtalif SoorateN bataa rahe haiN aur Hawaas-e-Khamsah se in kaa idraak naheeN ho saktaa hai. ph`ir Mushafi kaa shee dekh`iYe jis meN :sheeshah-e-dil: ko jama likh`aa gayaa hai. aage chal kar naqshah (7) meN aap dekh`eN ge keh Jaleel Manikpuri ne :sheeshah: kee jama Urdu qaa,idah kee roo se :sheeshoN: likh`ee hai. kisee waaHid lafz^ ko jama bh`ee likh`naa koyee Hairat kee baat naheeN hai. Urdu meN aisaa akcar hotaa hai. macala :ashk-e-Gham, naalah-e-dil, jaam-e-sharaab: waaHid aur jama donoN hee t^araH istamaal hote haiN.

ba-har-kaif oopar kee beHc se yeh z^aahir hai keh Urdu meN koyee aisaa qaa,idah-kulliyah naheeN naz^ar aataa hai jis kaa it^laaq yaksaaN t^aur se taraakeeb par kiyaa jaa sake. is nateejah kee taSdeeq neeche diYe huwe naqshoN ke mut^aali,e se ho saktee hai. jastah jastah har naqsheh kaa tajziyah t^awaalat kaa baa,ic hai aur Ghair-Z^arooree bh`ee hai. qaari,een Khud hee taSdeeq kar sakte haiN.

(3) mu,annac/mu,annac/vaaHid

bahaar-e-faSl-e-gul aayee hai maiN kunj-e-qafas meN hooN
mubaarakbaad mujh` ko Dh`ooND jaatee hai nasheman tak (Naseem Dehlavi)


Nazar apnee tasallee ke liYe kaafee hai yeh miSra
kahaaN tak dehr meN naa-qadree-e-jins-e-hunar ho gee? (Nazar Lucknawi)

taab-o-t^aaqat, Sabr-o-raaHat, jaan-o-eemaaN, aql-o-hosh
haaYe! kyaa kahiYe keh dil ke saath` kyaa kyaa jaaYe hai (Momin Dehlawi)

Khoo ne tiree afsurdah kiyaa veHshat-e-dil ko
ma'shooqee-o-be-HauSilagee t^urfah balaa hai (Ghalib)

(4) muanaas/muannas/jama'

is sail-e-subuksair-o-zameeNgeer kea age
aql-o-naz^ar-o-ilm-o-hunar haiN Khas-o-Khaashaak (Iqbal)

(5) muZakkar/mu,annac/vaaHid

ilm-o-Hikmat rehzan-e-saamaan-e-ashk-o-aah hai
ya'nee ik almaas kaa tukRaa dil-e-aagaah hai (Iqbal)

agar gardish yehee hai muGhbachoN kee chashm-e-maigooN kee
kaf-e-saaqee meN jaam-e-baadah-o-gulgooN nah Thaire gaa (Momin)

(6) muZakkar/mu,annac/jama'

baa-vujood talaash-e-bisyaar is naqsheh kee koyee micaal naheeN mil sakee. lekin is micaal kaa doosree micaaloN par qiyaas kiyaa jaa saktaa hai.

(7) mu,annac/muZakkar/waaHid

kee muHtasib ne aaj yeh iSlaaH-e-maikadah
sheeshoN ko toR toR keh paimaanah kar diyaa (Jalil Manikpuri)

taab-o-t^aaqat, Sabr-o-raaHat, jaan-o-eemaaN, aql-o-hosh
haaYe! kyaa kahiYe keh dil ke saath` kyaa kyaa jaaYe hai (Momin Dehlawi)

(8)mu,annac/muZakkar/jama

aql-o-hosh-o-Khirad-o-taab-o-tawaaN door rahe
yanee yeh lashkar-e-andoh-nishaaN door rahe (Mehr Dehlawi)

kee Muhammad se vafaa too ne to ham tere haiN
yeh jahaaN cheez hai kyaa, lauH-o-qalam tere haiN (Iqbal)

ateeja.e.teHqeeq: is teHqeeq se yeh z^aahir hotaa hai keh Urdu meN taraakeeb kee jins kisee baNdh`e-Take uSool kee paabaNd naheeN haiN, bal.k is kaa tai,yyun saraasar vajdaanee hai aur shaa,ir kee apnee Savaab-e-deed aur aam istamaal (common usage) par mabnee hai. ek hee tarkeeb muKhtalif awaamil aur sheree taqaaZ^oN ke teHt waaHid yaa jama baaNdh`ee jaa saktee hai. agar ham ko zabaan-o-qavaa,id kaa Khaatir-Khwaah ilm hai aur mut^aal,iah bh`ee vasee' hai to kisee tarkeeb kee jins muqarrar karne meN ziyaadah dushvaaree naheeN aanee chaahiYe.

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Z^ameemah: (Urdu Taraakeeb kee Jins)

chand din huwe yahaaN ek maZ^moon "Urdu Taraakeeb kee Jins" ke u'nwaan se pesh kiyaa gayaa th`aa. us meN kuch` kamee reh gayee th`ee jis kee jaanib eHbaab ne ishaarah bh`ee kiyaa th`aa.Urdu taraakeeb kee jins mu,a'iyyan karne kaa koyee aisaa uSool us maZ^moon meN naheeN th`aa jis par takyah kiyaa jaa sake aur jis ko ham bh`ee ista'maal kar sakeN. mujh` ko is kaa i'lm th`aa lekin ba-wujooh us waqt tak ke kaam ko sameTnaa bh`ee Z^arooree th`aa. ab mazeed teHqeeq ke ba'd yeh muKhtaSar Z^ameemah (Supplement) diyaa jaa rahaa hai taa.k :sanad rahe aur ba-waqt-e-Z^aroorat kaam aawe!:

is dauraan meN mazeed kitaabeN dekh`ee gayeeN aur risaale khaNgaale gaYe. bilaa-mubaaliGhah saikRoN asha'ar kaa tajziyah kiyaa gayaa aur har dam yehee Khayaal daaman-geer rahaa keh shaayad aglaa she'r ab tak ke ash,a'ar kee raushanee meN nikaale gaYe nateejoN kee nafee kar de. z^aahir hai keh yeh silsilah apnee fit^rat meN laa-mutanaahee hai. chunaan.ch ek munaasib talaash ke ba'd teHqeeq ko Khatm kar diyaa gayaa aur ab us ke nataa,ij pesh-e-Khidmat haiN.

jaisaa ke maZ^moon meN bayaan kiyaa gayaa th`aa, Urdu meN taraakeeb ke do t^areeqeh a'am haiN:

(1) kasrah-e-iZ^aafat ke saath`, macala" :naalah-e-dil, shab-e-hijraaN, koochah-e-meHboob:.

(2) waw-e-a't^f ke saath`, macala" :roz-o-shab, dar-o-deewaar, soz-o-saaz:.

jahaaN tak kasrah-e-iZ^aafat kaa sawaal hai to is se banee huwee taraakeeb kee jins a'am t^aur se siyaaq-o-sibaaq se z^aahir ho jaatee hai. waw-e-a't^f waalee taraakeeb meN kuch diqqat ho saktee hai. lekin asaaatiZah ke kalaam se ma'loom hotaa hai keh yeh u'mooma" muZakkar baaNdh`ee jaatee haiN. mumkin hai keh kaheeN koyee muKhtalif Soorat naz^ar aa jaaYe lekin is teHqeeq ke dauraan aisee koyee micaal naheeN naz^ar aayee. bal.k agar kisee she'r meN ek tarkeeb muZakkar ho aur doosree mu,annac to bh`ee un ke ijtimaa,e'e Zikr ko muZakkar hee baaNdh`aa jaataa hai. micaal ke t^aur par Ghalib kaa she'r dekh`iYe:

boo-e-gul, naalah-e-dil, dood-e-chiraaGh-e-meHfil
jo tiree bazm se niklaa so pareshaaN niklaa

is meN :boo-e-gul: mu,annac hai aur :naalah-e-dil, dood-e-chiraaGh-e-meHfil: donoN hee muZakkar haiN lekin in ke ijtimaa,e'e Zikr ko muZakkar likh`aa gayaa hai. yeh kehne kee Z^aroorat naheeN hai keh mujarrad :boo-e-gul: ko mu,annac hee baaNdh`aa jaaYe gaa jab.k yeh tarkeeb "mu,annac/muZakkar ke naqsheh par banee hai. yeh baat dilchaspee se Khaalee naheeN hai keh jo taraakeeb :mu,annac/mu,annac: ke naqshe se bh`ee mut^aabiqat rakh`tee haiN woh bh`ee muZakkar hee likh`ee jaatee haiN. Iqbal kaa she'r mulaaHiz^ah ho:


dayaar-e-i`shq meN apnaa maqaam paidaa kar
nayaa zamaanah, naYe :SubH-e-shaam: paidaa kar

yahaaN :SubH: aur :shaam: donoN hee mu,annac haiN lekin un se murattab tarkeeb ko mu,annac likh`aa gayaa hai.

darj-e-Zel asha'ar se oopar diYe gaYe nateejoN kee taayeed hotee hai. qaari,een Khud hee dekh` sakte haiN:

dekh`naa :Zulf-o-ruKh: tumheN har waqt
shaam dekh`o nah tum saHar dekh`o (Mir Hasan)

th`e dayaar-e-nau :zameen-o-aasmaaN: mere liYe
wus,a't-e-aaGhosh-e-maadar ik jahaaN mere liYe (Iqbal)

zaanoo-e-but pah jaan dee dekh`aa
"Momin" :anjaam-o-iKhtitaam: miraa (Momin)

ab bayaabaaN dar bayaabaaN hai miraa :shor-o-fuGhaaN:
go chaman meN Khush kee tum ne meree jaa-e-laalahzaar (Mir)

mire maatam-kadeh meN :noor-o-z^ulmat: sab baraabar hai
sawedaa-e-shab-e-Gham hai sapedah SubH-e-hijraaN kaa (Zaheer Dehlavi)

saare :shikan-o-pech: mire dam se uRaaYe
darham hai tiree zulf-e-siyah kaun se bal par (Qalaq Meeruthi)

haaN woh naheeN wafaa-parast, jaa,o woh be-wafaa sahee
jis ko ho :jaan-e-dil: a'zeez us kee galee meN jaaYe kyoN (Ghalib)

shauq miree lai meN hai, shauq miree nai meN hai
naGhmah-e-Allah-hoo mere :rag-e-pai: meN hai (Iqbal)

waqt-e-widaa be-sabab aazurdah kyoN kiyaa?
yooN bh`ee to hijr meN mujh`e :raNj-e-a'Zaab: th`aa (Momin)

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