English اردو
shaairee kaa ek naqS :eet^aa:
A: ibtidaa,iyah:Haal hee meN ek shaairah Aisha :Anmol: kee ek Ghazal :internet: kee ek meHfil meN shaa,e huyee hai jis kaa mat^la aur Husn-e-mat^la yooN haiN:
Muhabbat ki baateN ishaaroN meiN likkhooN
MaiN iqraar itne hijaaboN meiN likkhooN
Sabhi khoobsoorat nazaaroN meiN likkhooN
Tiraa naam jagmag sitaaroN meiN likkhooN
is par kuch` aSHaab ne :eet^aa: kaa shubh z^aahir kiyaa hai aur waZ^aaHat chaahee hai. zer-e-naz^ar teHreer isee beHc kaa ek HiSSah hai.
Ghazal ke mat^le' meN agar qawaafee ko Huroof kee kisee maKhSooS shakl se muqaiyyad kar diyaa jaaYe to baaqee ke qaafiyoN ke liYe bh`ee usee Soorat yaa shart^ kaa paapand honaa Z^arooree ho jaataa hai. is shart^ ko agar malHooz^-e-Khaat^ir nah rakh`aa jaaYe to yeh fann-e-shaai'ree kaa ek a'ib samjh`aa jaataa hai jis ko takneekee zabaan meN :eet^aa: kehte haiN. is nukteh ke bunyaadee uSool-e-qaafiyah ko yooN bayaan kiyaa jaa saktaa hai: "agar she'r ke mat^le' meN hee qaafiyah par koyee qaid lagaa dee jaaYe to ph`ir is qaid kaa liHaaZ^ tamaam qawaafee meN rakh`naa ho gaa. macala agar mat^le' meN :shaamil, kaamil: qaafiye baaNdh`e gaYe haiN to baaqee qawaafee bh`ee aise hoN ge jin ke aaKh`iree teen Huroof :alif, meem, laam: hoN ge. goyaa :a'amil, kaamil, Haamil, shaamil: waGhairah qaafiye to baaNdh`e jaa sakte haiN lekin :qaatil, jaahil: waGhairah naheeN baaNdh`e jaa sakte haiN".
Molana Hasrat Mohani apnee kitaab :Nikaat-e-suKhan: meN isee uSool ko in alfaaz^ meN bayaan karte haiN keh "mat^le' ke donoN qaafiyoN ke aaKhir meN Huroof ke lafz^a" aur ma'na" mukarrar aane ko :eet^aa: kehte haiN". is ko ek micaal se yooN bh`ee samjh`aa jaa saktaa hai keh, agar mat^le' meN :butgar, sitamgar: qawaafee baaNdh`e gaYe haiN to :gar: donoN meN mushtarik hai aur lafz^a" aur ma'na" is kee takraar bh`ee hai. mazeed yeh keh agar in Huroof ko alag kar diyaa jaaYe to baaqee bache lafz^ :but: aur :sitam: ham-qaafiyah naheeN reh jaate haiN. isee a'ib ko :eet^aa: kehte haiN. aage dee huyee micaaloN se is bayaan kee mazeed tashreeH ho jaaYe gee.
is baat ko yaheeN Khat^m kyaa jaa saktaa hai lekin is ko kyaa keejiYe keh asaatiZah ke kalaam meN is :a'ib: kee be-shumaar micaaleN naz^ar aatee haiN aur qaaree aasaanee se is kash-makash kaa shikaar ho jaataa hai keh :eet^aa: koyee a'ib hai bh`ee keh naheeN? aur agar hai to asaatiZah ne is ko yooN naz^ar-andaaz kaise kar diyaa hai? ph`ir is se yeh Z^imnee sawaal bh`ee uTh`taa hai keh kyaa ham bh`ee asaatiZah kee taqleed meN :eet^aa: ke murtakib ho sakte haiN? agar haaN to ph`ir ek :a'ib: kee Haiciyyat se is kaa maqaam hee mushtabah ho kar reh jaataa hai! lihaaZah is marHale par kuch` tafSeel kee Z^aroorat meHsoos hotee hai taa.k ham us kee raushanee meN kisee nateejah par poNhach sakeN.
u'lmaa-e-qaafiyah ne :eet^aa: kee do iqsaam bayaan kee haiN aur in meN baRee baareekiyaaN paidaa kee haiN. sab tafSeel yahaaN nah Sirf Ghair-Z^arooree hai bal.k is se uljh`an aur baRh saktee hai. KhaaS KhaaS nikaat par muKhtaSar beHc hee hamaaree Z^arooriyaat ke liYe kaafee se ziyaadah hai. :eet^aa: kee iqsaam darj-e-Zel haiN:
(1) eet^aa-e-Khafee ("minor" eet^aa)
(2) eet^aa-e-jalee ("major" eet^aa)
in iqsaam par mufaSSil guftgoo darj-e-zel hai.
B: eet^aa kee tafSeel:
(1) eet^aa-e-Khafee ("minor" eet^aa):
sher meN :eet^aa-e-Khafee: us waqt waaqe' hotaa hai jab mat^le' ke donoN qawaafee SaHeeH aur aSlee hoN lekin un ke aaKhiree do yaa teen Huroof is t^araH mushtarik hoN keh takraar kee qaid kaa dh^okaa hotaa ho.
micaal ke t^aur par :aasaaN, insaaN: ko Ghaur se dekh^iYe. in donoN alfaaz^ meN :saaN: mushtarik hai aur takraar kaa shaa,ibah bh`ee naz^ar aataa hai. mazeed yeh keh donoN alfaaz :insaan, aasaan: kee hee ek Shakl haiN aur apnee apnee jagah donoN aSlee aur SaHeeH bh`ee haiN. agar in ko mat^le' meN ba-t^aur-e-qawaafee ista'maal kiYaa jaaYe to Mirza Ghalib ke mash,hoor-e-zamaanah sher kee darj-e-Zel Soorat paidaa ho gee:
bas ke dushwaar hai har kaam kaa "aasaaN" honaa
aadamee ko bh^ee mayassar naheeN "insaaN" honaa (Ghalib)
yahaaN ba-yak naz^ar yeh gumaan hotaa hai keh :saaN: kee maujoodagee is kee mutaqaaZ^ee hai keh baaqee ke qawaafee bh`ee :saaN: par Khtm hoN, jaise :pursaaN, tarsaaN: jab.k Mirza Ghalib jaise SaaHib-e-kamaal ustaad ne baaqee Ghazal meN :bayaabaaN, HairaaN, miZhgaaN: waGhairah qawaafee baaNdh`e haiN. z^aahir hai keh in meN :saaN: kaa iltiz^aam naheeN hai!
isee silsile kee chand aur micaaleN dilchaspee se Khaalee naheeN hoN gee. mulaaHiZ^ah farmaa,iYe:
reHmat ne mujh^ ko maa,il-e-"i'SyaaN" banaa diyaa
ik paikar-e-Haqeeqat-e-"u'ryaaN" banaa diyaa (Jigar Muradabadi)
(is Ghazal ke deegar qawaafee: musalmaaN, HairaaN, jaanaaN: waGhairah haiN, yanee in meN :yaaN: kaa iltizaam naheeN bartaa gayaa hai jo keh mat^le meN naz^ar aa rahaa hai!)
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raushan jamaal-e-yaar se hai "anjuman" tamaam
dehkaa huwaa hai aatish-e-gul se "chaman" tamaam (Hasrat Mohani)
(deegar qawaafee: chalan, pairahan)
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mujh^e yaad aa gayee bas wooheeN us ke qadd-o-"qaamat" kee
chaman meN dekh^ kar kal sarv maiN ne kyaa "qiyaamat" kee (Momin)
(deegar qawaafee: qismat, murawwat, Ghairat)
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Husn-e-mah gar.ch ba-haNgaam-e-"kamaal" achh`aa hai
is se meraa mah-e-Khursheed-"jamaal" achh`aa hai (Ghalib)
(deegar qawaafee: sifaal, sawaal, Haal)
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hamaaree jaan shab tujh^ bin dil-e-"naakaam" letaa th`aa
KhadaNg-e-aah se teer-e-qaZ^aa kaa "kaam" letaa th`aa (Momin)
(deegar qawaafee: shaam, ayyaam, jaam)
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raaz-e-nihaaN zabaan-e-"aGhyaar" tak nah poNhchaa
kyaa ek bh`ee hamaaraa Khat^ "yaar" tak nah poNhchaa? (Momin)
(deegar qawaafee: deewaar, beemaar, asha'ar)
yeh sab micaaleN :eet^aa-e-Khafee: kee haiN. in meN is :aib: kee tamaam shart^eN maujood haiN, yanee:
(a) qawaafee ke alfaaz^ aSlee aur SaHeeH haiN
(b) in ke aaKhir ke do yaa teen Huroof is t^araH mushtarik haiN ke takraar kaa dh`okaa hotaa hai.
(c) sab qaafiye Farsi/Arabee ke alfaaz^/mushtaqaat (derivatives) haiN. is nukteh kee ahmiyyat aaage aa rahee hai.
eet^aa-e-jalee ke mayoob hone meN iKhtilaaf hai. baZ^ asaatiZah is ko aib jaante haiN aur is ko yaksar tark kar dene ke qaa,il haiN jab.k doosre asaatiZah is ko mayoob naheeN samajh`te haiN. Molana Hasrat Mohani kee raaYe hai keh eet^aa-e-Khafee se bachnaa chaahiYe lekin is ko mayoob-o-matrook samajh`naa nah to munaasib hai aur nah hee SaHeeH.
is t^araH oopar dee huyee micaaloN kaa jawaaz caabit ho jaataa hai. ba-z^aahir jin asaatiZah ke kalaam se eet^aa-e-Khafee kee micaaleN dee gayee haiN woh is ke mayoob-o-matrook hone ke qaa,il naheeN haiN. akcar yooN bh`ee hotaa hai keh asaatiZah apne Zaatee ijtihaad se baZ^ baateN apne liYe maKhSooS aur qaabil-e-qubool kar lete haiN jab.k ek aam shaair in baatoN ko apnaate huYe achh`aa aur SaHeeH meHsoos naheeN kartaa hai. is kee chand micaaleN aage dee jaaYeN gee.
(2) eet^aa-e-jalee (major eet^aa):
sher meN :eet^aa-e-jalee: a'am t^aur se us waqt waaqe' hotaa hai jab mat^le' ke qawaafee do aise alfaaz^ se mil kar banaaYe gaYe hoN jin ke mushtarik aaKhiree lafz^ ko nikaal dene ke ba'd baaqee bache huYe TukRe ham-qaafiyah nah hoN.
micaal ke t^aur par :butgar (but+gar) aur sitamgar (sitam+gar): donoN hee do muKhtlif alfaaz^ se mil kar tashkeel-paZeer huYe haiN. in alfaaz^ meN :gar: mushtarik hai. is ko haTaa deN to bache huYe TukRe :but: aur :sitam: ham-qaafiyah naheeN reh jaate haiN. yehee eet^aa-e-jalee hai. goyaa :butgar, sitamgar: ko agar mat^le meN ba-t^aur-e-qawaafee baaNdh`aa jaaYe to deegar qawaafee chaahe kuch` bh`ee hoN, sher ba-har Haal :eet^aa-e-jalee: kaa shikaar maanaa jaaYe gaa. isee t^araH :suKhanwar, hunarwar:, butKhaanah, maiKhaanah:, :shabnam, purnam: waGhirah matle' meN ba-t^aur-e-qawaafee baaNdh`e jaaYeN to yeh :eet^aa-e-jalee: ho gaa.
eet^aa-e-jalee ke aib hone meN koyee iKhtilaaf naheeN hai. is kaa tark laazim hai. asaatiZah kaa kalaam is aib se baRee Had tak paak naz^ar aataa hai. ph`ir bh`ee ikkaa-dukkaa micaal asaatiZah ke kalaam meN bh`ee mil jaatee hai. is :bidat: kaa jawaaz agar in asaatiZah ke :shaKhSee ijtihaad: ko maan bh`ee liyaa jaaYe to bh`ee yeh aib hee kehlaaYe gaa. un kee Had tak agar aap is ko qubool kar leN to bh`ee :hamaa-shumaa: ko yeh Haq HaaSil naheeN ho gaa aur is aib kaa tark un par waajib ho gaa.
asaatiZah ke yahaaN eet^aa-e-jalee kee chand micaaleN HaaZ^ir haiN:
too anees-e-dil-e-"GhareebaaN" hai
marham-e-zaKhm-e-seenah-"reeshaaN" hai (Ma'soom Ali)
yahaaN :GhareebaaN, reeshaaN: ko Ghalib ke :insaaN, aasaaN: par qiyaas karnaa SaHeeH naheeN ho gaa kyoN.k Ghalib ke yahaaN :insaaN, aasaaN: mustaqil alfaaz^ haiN jab.k yahaaN :aaN: jama kee alaamat hai aur takraar kaa baa,ic bh`ee hai.
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har samt th`ee sinaaN peh sinaaN micl-e-"Khaarzaar"
har Saf meN th`ee sipar peh sipar micl-e-"laalahzaar" (Mir Anis)
qurbaan-e-Sana't-e-qalam-e-"aafreedgaar"
th`ee har waraq peh Sana't-e-tarSee'-e-"kardgaar" (Mir Anis)
madrasah yaa dair th`aa, yaa Ka'bah yaa "butKhaanah" th`aa
ham sabh`ee mehmaan th`e waaN, woh hee SaaHeb-Khaanah" th`aa (Mir Dard)
in teenoN micaaloN meN ------- meN muqaiyyad qawaafee do alfaaz^ se mushakkal haiN jin ke mushtarik TukRe haTaa dene se bache huYe TukRe ham-qaafiyah naheeN reh jaate haiN. yeh eet^aa-e-jalee kee achh`ee micaaleN haiN aur yaqeena aib meN shumaar kee jaaYeN gee.
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(C) Urdu/Hindi/Hindustaanee alfaaz^:
oopar kee micaaleN dekh`ne se z^aahir hai keh in saare mat^lo'N ke donoN qawaafee Farsi/Arabee ke haiN. kaheeN koyee aisee micaal naheeN dee gayee hai jis meN ek qaafiyah Farsi/Arabee kaa ho aur doosraa Urdu/Hindi/Hindustaanee kaa.
Urdu meN Farsi/Arabee ke ilaavah maqaamee Hindustaane zabaanoN ke be-shumaar alfaaz^ mustamil haiN. in zabaanoN ke apne qawaa,id aur uSool haiN aur yeh alfaaz^ Urdu meN aa kar aur us ke uSooloN ke paaband ho kar apnaa maqaam alag banaa chuke h aiN. in par Farsi/Arabee ke qawaaneen kaa it^laaq umooma naheeN hotaa hai. is liYe Urdu/Hindi/Hindustaanee alfaaz^ ko mat^le meN ba-z^aahir eet^aa kee shakl men istamaal kiyaa bh`ee jaaYe to is ko aib naheeN maanaa jaataa hai. is uSool par bh`ee asaatiZah kaa umoomee ittifaaq hai.
is tafSeel kee chand micaaleN dekh`iYe:
zaa,il naheeN hotee tap-e-i'shq-e-"butaaN" hanooz
ph`uktee haiN soz-e-Gham se miree "haDDiyaaN" hanooz (Qalaq Meeruthee)
har-chand keh :butaaN: Farsi hai lekin :haDDiyaaN: ek Hindustaanee lafz^ :haDDee: kee Hindi ke t^arz par jama banaayee gayee hai. chunaan.ch yahaaN eet^aa naheeN maanaa jaaYe gaa.
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dil-e-naadaaN tujh`e "huwaa" kyaa hai
aaKhir is dard kee "dawaa" kyaa hai? (Ghalib)
(deegar qawaafee: maajraa, Khudaa, wafaa)
is sher meN :huwaa: Hindustaanee hai aur :dawaa: Farsi, lihaaZah b.il-ittifaaq yahaaN eet^aa naheeN maanaa jaaYe gaa.
i'shq kee yeh namood-e-"paiham" kyaa
ho tumheeN tum agar to ph`ir "ham" kyaa? (Jigar Muradabadi)
(deegar qawwfee: Gham, jahanaam, a'alam)
:paiham: Farsi hai aur :ham: Hindustaanee. is liYe eet^aa kaa sawaal naheeN paidaa hotaa hai.
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kuch` ishaare th`e jinheN "dunyaa" samajh` beTh`e th`e ham
us nigaah-e-aashnaa ko "kyaa" samajh` beTh`e th`e ham? (Firaq Gorakhpuri)
(deegar qawaafee: apnaa, begaanah, deewaanah)
lafz^ :dunyaa: Farsi hai aur :kyaa: Hindustaanee. nateejah z^aahir hai!
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jazb-e-kaamil ko acar apnaa "dikh`aa" denaa th`aa
mere pehloo meN unheN laa ke "biTh`aa" denaa th`aa (Hasrat Mohani)
(deegar qawaafee: bh`ulaa, jhu`kaa, siwaa)
donoN qawaafee Hindustaanee alfaaz^ haiN aur in par eet^aa ka it^laaq naheeN kiyaa jaa saktaa hai.
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hai bazm-e-butaaN meiN sukhan aazurdah "laboN" se
taNg aaye haiN ham, aise khushaamad "t^alaboN" se
(deegar qawaafee: be-adaboN, laboN)
har chand keh :lab: aur :t^alab: donoN Farsi alfaaz^ haiN lekin in kee jama :laboN, talaboN: Urdu ke qaa,ideh se banaayee gayee hai. lihaaZah yahaaN eet^aa naheeN qaayem ho saktaa hai.
(D) asaatiZah kaa ijtihaad:
oopar ek jagah yeh kahaa jaa chukaa hai keh baZ^ auqaat asaatiZah koyee :aib: kisee shaairaanah vajh yaa maSliHat se apne oopar jaa,iz kar lete haiN. aisaa woh waqtee t^aur par hee karte haiN kyoN.k un kaa beshtar kalaam us maKhSooS aazaadee se paak hotaa hai. agar woh is aazaadee ko rawaa jaante to koyee wajh naheeN hai keh apne kalaam meN us se umoomee ijtinaab karte!
is waqtee :ijtihaad: yaa :aazaadee: ko maiN Jigar Muradabadi ke chand ashaar se waaZ^eH kartaa hooN. mauSoof ne apne kulliyaat meN kayee maqaamaat par aisee aazaadee bartee hai aur us kaa jawaaz Hawaashee (footnotes) meN diyaa hai. chand micaaleN dekh`iYe. maiN ne Jigar SaaHeb ke notes ko {---}meN likh` diyaa hai aur mut,alliqah lafz^ par * lagaa diyaa hai:
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dard ne karwaT hee badlee th`ee keh dil kee aaR se
daf,ata pardah uTh`aa aur pardah-daar * aa hee gayaa
{ahl-e-Fars (Iran) in manoN meN istamaal naheeN karte lekin meraa Zauq ise jaa,iz qaraar detaa hai.}
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bahaar apnee jagah par sadaa-bahaar rahe
yeh chaahataa hai to tajribbah*-e-bahaar nah kar
{is lafz^ ko yaqeena mushaddad t^areeqeh se kehnaa durust naheeN. Lekin meHZ^ is takneekee Ghalat^ee kee Khaat^ir apne lat^eef sher ko Z^aae naheeN kar sakta.}
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aap dekh`eN to sahee rabt^-e-muHabbat kyaa hai
apnaa afsaanah milaa kar mire afsaane meN*
{sat^aHee naz^ar se dekh`aa jaaYe to radeef :meN: SaHeeH nah ho gee, bal.k us kii jagah :se: durust hai. lekin main is maHalle-e-KhaaS par radeef :meN: hee munaasib samajh^taa hooN.}
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haaYe GhammaaziyaaN muHabbat kee
apnee be-dast-o-paaiyaaN*, taubah!
{Be-dast-o-paa jis mafhoom men mustamil hai us etibaar par main ne use ek lafz^ se tabeer kiyaa hai aur is binaa par jama banaa lenaa Ghalat^ naheeN samajh^taa.}
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teraa deewaanah-e-Ghareeb :Jigar:
faKhr-e-Hindostaan* hai pyaare
{is elaan-e-noon ko main jaa,iz samajh^taa hooN}
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yeh ain mumkin hai keh eet^aa-e-jalee kee jo chand micaaleN asaatiZah ke kalaam se oopar dee gayee haiN woh aise hee waqtee :ijtihaad/aazaadee: kaa nateejah hoN. yeh to z^aahir hai keh yeh :aazaadee: maZkoorah asaatiZah ke kalaam meN aam t^aur se naa-paid hai. woh bh`ee eet^aa-e-jalee ko aib hee maante the lekin Jigar kee t^araH unhoN ne kisee KhaaS mauqe par aarZ^ee ijtihaad se kaam lene meN koyee buraayee bh`ee naheeN samjh`ee.
(E) iKhtitaamiyah:
ab jab.k yeh beHc Khatm hotee hai :Anmol: ke ashaar par ek naz^ar Daal lenaa munaasib ho gaa:
muHabbat kee baateN ishaaroN meN likkh`ooN
maiN iqraar itne hijaaboN meN likkh`ooN
sabh`ee KhoobSoorat nazaaroN meN likkh`ooN
tiraa naam jagmag sitaaroN meN likkh`ooN
Z^aahir hai ke :naz^aaroN, sitaaroN: donoN :naz^aarah, sitaarah: kee jama haiN jo Urdu ke uSool par banaayee gayee haiN aur eet^aa ke qaanoon se mubarraa haiN. doosree baat yeh bh`ee Zehn meN rakh`ne kee hai keh eet^aa Sirf mat^le meN qawaafee kee maKhSooS shakloN se qaayem hotaa hai. Husn-e-mat^la is uSool se baree hai. kam se kam un kitaaboN meN is kaa koyee Zikr naheeN hai jo mere paas haiN. Shamsur Rahman Farooqui apnee kitaab :Dars-e-BalaaGhat: meN likh`te haiN keh:
yeh Khayaal rahe keh eet^aa usee waqt laazim aataa hai jab aise qaafiYe mat^le meN istamaal kiYe jaaYeN. chunaan.ch is meN koyee harj naheeN keh mat^le meN qaafiyah :baahar, andar: ho lekin bad ke ashaar meN :butgar, deedah-war: kee t^araH ke qaafiYe laaYe jaaYeN.
goyaa :Anmol: ke in ashaar meN :eet^aa: maujood naheeN hai. ummeed hai keh is guftgoo se Zehn kee bohat see giraheN kh`ul gayee hoN gee. yaar zindah, SuHbat baaqee!
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